Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Crystal VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Tue Jul 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 488ms 8.7ms 575.8MB 583ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
crystal 1.cr 1302ms 4.1ms 64.2MB 1273ms 17ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 3941ms 160ms 145.0MB 4120ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 109ms 2.8ms 11.0MB 100ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 2.9ms 159.3MB 143ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 210ms 3.5ms 17.7MB 217ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1515ms 15ms 19.9MB 1450ms 53ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 2049ms 224ms 241.0MB 7630ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2241ms 54ms 220.1MB 3060ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4233ms 52ms 21.4MB 14190ms 543ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5510ms 20ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 86ms 1.0ms 7.1MB 60ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 248ms 6.0ms 21.0MB 830ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 388ms 5.4ms 17.4MB 397ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 485ms 16ms 75.0MB 1087ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 854ms 53ms 101.2MB 2957ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 58ms 0.7ms 7.5MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 23ms 1.3ms 5.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 2487ms 23ms 2.9MB 2473ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 205ms 3.6ms 2.9MB 197ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 535ms 2.4ms 3.5MB 450ms 70ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 681ms 3.2ms 14.6MB 570ms 97ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 58ms 1.8ms 3.6MB 40ms 7ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 72ms 0.7ms 4.9MB 53ms 7ms crystal 1.16.3

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 2.0ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 65ms 2.5ms 47.7MB 76ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 3132ms 646ms 240.8MB 317ms 443ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 3271ms 1443ms 346.3MB 5647ms 970ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 402.2MB 16220ms 2767ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1178ms 104ms 53.1MB 30ms 80ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1-m.kt 2119ms 180ms 229.3MB 6180ms 533ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2206ms 240ms 241.3MB 4083ms 443ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 36ms 0.7ms 3.0MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 65ms 1.5ms 3.0MB 57ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2.kt 173ms 14ms 12.4MB 180ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 193ms 3.9ms 94.9MB 320ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 207ms 8.3ms 101.0MB 433ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 359ms 8.0ms 12.5MB 360ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 102ms 0.4ms 3.0MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 189ms 6.6ms 3.0MB 177ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 318ms 3.4ms 212.1MB 533ms 57ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 341ms 3.1ms 202.9MB 460ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 475ms 5.0ms 12.4MB 503ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1030ms 1.3ms 12.4MB 1057ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 18ms 0.7ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 30ms 1.5ms 3.0MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2.kt 95ms 0.7ms 12.8MB 90ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 0.6ms 12.8MB 117ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 1.1ms 90.5MB 293ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 170ms 13ms 96.5MB 367ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 315ms 1.4ms 9.3MB 303ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 17ms 0.4ms 6.4MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 389ms 8.7ms 680.7MB 447ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
crystal 1.cr 867ms 21ms 64.2MB 843ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 1857ms 13ms 89.9MB 1940ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 6.4ms 207.2MB 217ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
crystal 1.cr 174ms 3.9ms 22.3MB 157ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 258ms 3.7ms 25.7MB 263ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 342ms 2.4ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 350ms 6.8ms 3.4MB 343ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1n.kt 351ms 1.9ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 2.0ms 49.2MB 487ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.2ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1n.kt 38ms 0.7ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
crystal 2.cr 38ms 0.4ms 3.4MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1-m.kt 118ms 1.1ms 49.4MB 167ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 348ms 2.9ms 8.3MB 337ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 422ms 6.9ms 43.0MB 413ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 87ms 1.4ms 4.5MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 90ms 3.2ms 13.2MB 83ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1981ms 59ms 6.2MB 1957ms 13ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 3717ms 19ms 358.9MB 4580ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.9MB 3970ms 1520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 456ms 13ms 5.0MB 440ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1-m.kt 983ms 36ms 353.7MB 1773ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 27.0MB 4003ms 1517ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.4MB 5110ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 3763ms 15ms 4.6MB 3753ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 946ms 8.1ms 4.4MB 933ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 244ms 2.8ms 3.9MB 237ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3