Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Crystal VS Java benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Tue Jul 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 476ms 14ms 573.9MB 563ms 97ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 481ms 2.8ms 624.6MB 587ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 481ms 16ms 643.1MB 673ms 133ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 1212ms 29ms 1064.1MB 593ms 787ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 1302ms 4.1ms 64.2MB 1273ms 17ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 109ms 2.8ms 11.0MB 100ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 2-m.java 127ms 4.0ms 96.1MB 163ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 127ms 1.6ms 167.1MB 160ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 148ms 3.7ms 215.1MB 223ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 301ms 3.4ms 241.5MB 157ms 200ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1515ms 15ms 19.9MB 1450ms 53ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1-m.java 2232ms 167ms 260.9MB 8430ms 130ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 2386ms 212ms 242.8MB 9050ms 157ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2882ms 346ms 1222.6MB 9280ms 1113ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 86ms 1.0ms 7.1MB 60ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1-m.java 471ms 22ms 143.1MB 1587ms 67ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 484ms 8.9ms 92.4MB 1607ms 60ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 704ms 6.1ms 224.8MB 1930ms 260ms openjdk/zgc 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 58ms 0.7ms 7.5MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1-m.java 608ms 7.4ms 347.0MB 1180ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 619ms 42ms 265.1MB 1663ms 80ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 654ms 49ms 239.7MB 1747ms 80ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 966ms 32ms 530.8MB 1573ms 430ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 23ms 1.3ms 5.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1-m.java 312ms 26ms 225.9MB 610ms 73ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 328ms 2.2ms 177.9MB 887ms 60ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 350ms 0.5ms 111.7MB 953ms 50ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 535ms 28ms 215.2MB 1053ms 217ms openjdk/zgc 21

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 895ms 14ms 96.4MB 3253ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 982ms 4.7ms 48.3MB 3650ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 990ms 3.1ms 50.3MB 3643ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1050ms 20ms 45.8MB 3407ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 2487ms 23ms 2.9MB 2473ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 174ms 5.6ms 48.2MB 483ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 195ms 4.0ms 50.6MB 510ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 204ms 11ms 95.9MB 560ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 205ms 3.6ms 2.9MB 197ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1-m.java 305ms 9.0ms 45.8MB 497ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 455ms 3.7ms 47.5MB 540ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 4-m.java 458ms 29ms 101.6MB 657ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 459ms 0.9ms 49.2MB 550ms 17ms openjdk 23
crystal 2.cr 535ms 2.4ms 3.5MB 450ms 70ms crystal 1.16.3
java 4.java 579ms 2.9ms 45.2MB 540ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 681ms 3.2ms 14.6MB 570ms 97ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 58ms 1.8ms 3.6MB 40ms 7ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 72ms 0.7ms 4.9MB 53ms 7ms crystal 1.16.3
java 4.java 124ms 0.3ms 46.2MB 167ms 10ms openjdk 21
java 4-m.java 130ms 4.9ms 47.9MB 173ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 4-m.java 134ms 8.5ms 90.1MB 183ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 244ms 8.4ms 44.0MB 170ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 2.0ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1.java 68ms 2.0ms 53.3MB 70ms 20ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 68ms 4.0ms 43.9MB 80ms 14ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 72ms 5.5ms 44.8MB 78ms 16ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 196ms 9.1ms 42.9MB 88ms 144ms openjdk/zgc 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 3132ms 646ms 240.8MB 317ms 443ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1178ms 104ms 53.1MB 30ms 80ms crystal 1.16.3

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 36ms 0.7ms 3.0MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 65ms 1.5ms 3.0MB 57ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 102ms 0.4ms 3.0MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 189ms 6.6ms 3.0MB 177ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 18ms 0.7ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 30ms 1.5ms 3.0MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 315ms 1.4ms 9.3MB 303ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1b.java 1154ms 7.7ms 54.5MB 1260ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1b.java 1158ms 8.6ms 55.4MB 1263ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 1b.java 1190ms 17ms 109.7MB 1387ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1259ms 7.0ms 136.2MB 1380ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 1282ms 13ms 51.2MB 1270ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 1656ms 1.6ms 54.8MB 1757ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1a.java 1660ms 3.6ms 56.3MB 1753ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1690ms 14ms 102.2MB 1800ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1709ms 9.7ms 202.6MB 1787ms 43ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 1718ms 5.4ms 321.5MB 1777ms 60ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1782ms 8.3ms 51.5MB 1760ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 2376ms 9.9ms 850.3MB 1817ms 667ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 672.1MB 5283ms 120ms openjdk 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 847.1MB 5267ms 137ms openjdk 23
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 3283.8MB 3427ms 1940ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 17ms 0.4ms 6.4MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1b-m.java 180ms 4.0ms 50.8MB 270ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1b-m.java 182ms 15ms 49.7MB 283ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1a-m.java 192ms 2.2ms 50.8MB 293ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1a-m.java 198ms 3.9ms 52.1MB 303ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 199ms 1.7ms 81.7MB 277ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 199ms 7.0ms 87.3MB 283ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 200ms 1.5ms 111.5MB 313ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1a-m.java 216ms 7.4ms 98.7MB 323ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b-m.java 226ms 18ms 100.4MB 377ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 304ms 9.9ms 47.5MB 293ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 314ms 2.6ms 48.2MB 297ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 329ms 3.7ms 114.4MB 257ms 163ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 550ms 6.6ms 665.0MB 837ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 585ms 8.5ms 787.7MB 880ms 107ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 1592ms 5.9ms 1310.6MB 857ms 1047ms openjdk/zgc 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 406ms 6.2ms 680.0MB 477ms 93ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 408ms 5.0ms 542.5MB 507ms 90ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 413ms 4.2ms 629.7MB 610ms 117ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 867ms 21ms 64.2MB 843ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1.java 1046ms 24ms 955.8MB 473ms 713ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 166ms 1.8ms 206.4MB 237ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 170ms 2.7ms 159.0MB 250ms 43ms openjdk 23
crystal 1.cr 174ms 3.9ms 22.3MB 157ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1-m.java 225ms 12ms 254.0MB 373ms 67ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 419ms 13ms 341.6MB 220ms 280ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 342ms 2.4ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 350ms 6.8ms 3.4MB 343ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1.java 443ms 3.6ms 45.4MB 480ms 13ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 446ms 6.4ms 47.9MB 480ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 455ms 2.3ms 81.4MB 487ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 580ms 0.9ms 44.8MB 493ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1243ms 4.5ms 648.2MB 1370ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1261ms 7.3ms 751.2MB 1393ms 93ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3304ms 20ms 2374.4MB 1653ms 1870ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.2ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 2.cr 38ms 0.4ms 3.4MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1.java 122ms 0.7ms 45.1MB 160ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 124ms 0.3ms 47.8MB 157ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 127ms 6.3ms 81.5MB 160ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 251ms 6.5ms 45.0MB 157ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 303ms 5.7ms 354.8MB 453ms 53ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 317ms 4.5ms 410.3MB 467ms 63ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 682ms 14ms 525.1MB 473ms 400ms openjdk/zgc 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 348ms 2.9ms 8.3MB 337ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1.java 410ms 19ms 114.9MB 453ms 23ms openjdk 21
crystal 1.cr 422ms 6.9ms 43.0MB 413ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1.java 466ms 60ms 118.1MB 510ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 593ms 9.5ms 112.7MB 503ms 167ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1-m.java 726ms 65ms 268.1MB 1057ms 93ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 783ms 3.1ms 57.6MB 843ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 785ms 1.4ms 60.4MB 833ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 848ms 8.5ms 53.3MB 773ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 1319ms 123ms 288.2MB 2240ms 110ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 87ms 1.4ms 4.5MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 90ms 3.2ms 13.2MB 83ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1.java 151ms 3.7ms 68.5MB 197ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 159ms 0.5ms 64.7MB 210ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 214ms 11ms 125.0MB 307ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 264ms 4.5ms 50.1MB 330ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 264ms 7.6ms 51.2MB 313ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 286ms 3.1ms 61.6MB 213ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 369ms 1.9ms 47.8MB 310ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 479ms 3.7ms 198.6MB 820ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1981ms 59ms 6.2MB 1957ms 13ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1.java 3266ms 35ms 444.3MB 3720ms 113ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3753ms 26ms 396.3MB 4607ms 117ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 3808ms 10ms 426.2MB 4643ms 110ms openjdk 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1782.6MB 4820ms 1117ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 456ms 13ms 5.0MB 440ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 1-m.java 895ms 5.6ms 441.3MB 1260ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 1022ms 25ms 462.8MB 1763ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1026ms 28ms 420.5MB 1827ms 93ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 2017ms 38ms 1333.3MB 1737ms 1047ms openjdk/zgc 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 1982ms 6.2ms 48.1MB 7593ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 2009ms 7.3ms 48.4MB 7680ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 2122ms 15ms 45.7MB 7580ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 2530ms 11ms 95.0MB 9480ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 3763ms 15ms 4.6MB 3753ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 606ms 2.2ms 47.4MB 2137ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 616ms 6.8ms 48.8MB 2170ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 737ms 15ms 45.4MB 2170ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 765ms 14ms 93.1MB 2683ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 946ms 8.1ms 4.4MB 933ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 244ms 2.8ms 3.9MB 237ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
java 2-m.java 254ms 8.5ms 47.8MB 757ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 255ms 3.4ms 48.9MB 757ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 318ms 15ms 93.3MB 973ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2-m.java 390ms 8.2ms 45.4MB 777ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21