Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Crystal VS Java benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Tue Mar 25 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 458ms 2.4ms 576.1MB 560ms 83ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 468ms 4.5ms 644.9MB 643ms 120ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 483ms 9.4ms 620.6MB 587ms 107ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 1240ms 21ms 1086.3MB 587ms 817ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 1276ms 8.3ms 64.0MB 1257ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 105ms 2.2ms 10.9MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 2-m.java 123ms 4.3ms 98.7MB 163ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 125ms 5.0ms 169.0MB 153ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 150ms 9.1ms 225.3MB 223ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 306ms 2.8ms 241.6MB 150ms 210ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1381ms 34ms 19.6MB 1307ms 57ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 2416ms 202ms 242.7MB 9177ms 143ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2460ms 134ms 259.7MB 9333ms 137ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 2898ms 214ms 1236.9MB 9260ms 1187ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 71ms 3.7ms 7.1MB 50ms 10ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 440ms 30ms 92.7MB 1440ms 60ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 488ms 40ms 121.4MB 1617ms 60ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 671ms 16ms 222.0MB 1810ms 263ms openjdk/zgc 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 59ms 1.7ms 6.4MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 589ms 7.5ms 263.6MB 1617ms 70ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 613ms 8.6ms 392.1MB 1177ms 113ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 633ms 64ms 222.5MB 1693ms 70ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 998ms 3.0ms 504.7MB 1677ms 423ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 22ms 0.7ms 5.1MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 305ms 12ms 225.7MB 607ms 63ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 328ms 2.2ms 178.0MB 890ms 57ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 384ms 21ms 110.9MB 1053ms 53ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 529ms 30ms 216.4MB 1050ms 223ms openjdk/zgc 21

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 894ms 11ms 95.4MB 3297ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 974ms 4.1ms 48.1MB 3630ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 991ms 2.3ms 50.2MB 3637ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1026ms 24ms 45.7MB 3350ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 2508ms 6.1ms 2.8MB 2493ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 182ms 6.0ms 48.3MB 493ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 195ms 3.7ms 50.0MB 510ms 20ms openjdk 23
crystal 1.cr 207ms 1.2ms 2.8MB 200ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 210ms 15ms 96.2MB 583ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 307ms 8.3ms 46.8MB 500ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 445ms 1.1ms 102.4MB 620ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 456ms 0.4ms 47.7MB 537ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 4.java 456ms 5.6ms 49.1MB 543ms 20ms openjdk 23
crystal 2.cr 555ms 3.0ms 3.4MB 450ms 90ms crystal 1.15.1
java 4.java 571ms 8.5ms 45.1MB 543ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 694ms 0.6ms 14.4MB 573ms 107ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 59ms 0.3ms 3.4MB 40ms 7ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 75ms 1.4ms 4.8MB 57ms 7ms crystal 1.15.1
java 4-m.java 124ms 5.6ms 91.1MB 173ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4-m.java 125ms 2.1ms 46.7MB 167ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 4.java 127ms 5.7ms 48.5MB 173ms 13ms openjdk 23
java 4.java 246ms 8.1ms 44.0MB 170ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 2.0ms 0.5ms 2.8MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 63ms 2.8ms 52.7MB 70ms 16ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 65ms 2.6ms 43.7MB 74ms 16ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 69ms 4.7ms 44.7MB 72ms 16ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 199ms 6.8ms 42.9MB 84ms 138ms openjdk/zgc 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1690ms 21ms 287.8MB 323ms 510ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1190ms 102ms 59.1MB 37ms 83ms crystal 1.15.1

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 37ms 1.3ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 65ms 2.1ms 2.9MB 57ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 103ms 1.4ms 2.9MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 186ms 1.8ms 2.9MB 177ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 17ms 0.5ms 2.9MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 31ms 1.7ms 2.9MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 313ms 0.7ms 9.2MB 300ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1b.java 1163ms 28ms 53.9MB 1280ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1b.java 1165ms 9.9ms 55.8MB 1280ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1b.java 1192ms 10ms 110.0MB 1417ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1248ms 2.5ms 138.4MB 1357ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 1291ms 16ms 50.8MB 1280ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 1657ms 5.6ms 54.7MB 1757ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1a.java 1660ms 6.7ms 56.1MB 1760ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1681ms 2.9ms 102.0MB 1790ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1702ms 4.3ms 202.0MB 1770ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 1722ms 3.0ms 320.5MB 1783ms 57ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1792ms 6.1ms 51.6MB 1763ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 2406ms 36ms 881.5MB 1803ms 710ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 636.5MB 5327ms 117ms openjdk 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 807.5MB 5327ms 133ms openjdk 23
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 3477.5MB 3343ms 2040ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 18ms 0.5ms 6.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1b-m.java 175ms 5.3ms 49.4MB 270ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1b-m.java 182ms 3.7ms 50.6MB 277ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1a-m.java 189ms 1.1ms 50.8MB 290ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1a-m.java 193ms 3.7ms 52.2MB 293ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 193ms 0.6ms 87.2MB 270ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 194ms 5.5ms 82.1MB 270ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 196ms 1.9ms 113.3MB 300ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1a-m.java 211ms 0.1ms 98.3MB 317ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b-m.java 237ms 31ms 101.3MB 403ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 316ms 2.2ms 47.7MB 300ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 318ms 2.3ms 49.4MB 297ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 339ms 5.1ms 114.1MB 270ms 163ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 564ms 12ms 624.8MB 847ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 581ms 9.4ms 787.4MB 867ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 1662ms 61ms 1399.5MB 840ms 1130ms openjdk/zgc 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 402ms 1.4ms 539.4MB 503ms 83ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 403ms 0.8ms 679.7MB 470ms 100ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 407ms 4.5ms 624.7MB 617ms 97ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 864ms 6.5ms 64.0MB 843ms 10ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 1109ms 14ms 993.0MB 460ms 777ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 157ms 3.4ms 22.1MB 143ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 163ms 1.4ms 158.5MB 237ms 47ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 167ms 4.0ms 206.4MB 237ms 47ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 214ms 4.0ms 253.3MB 350ms 63ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 427ms 11ms 341.8MB 217ms 287ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 344ms 4.8ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 345ms 2.6ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 445ms 1.2ms 45.1MB 487ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 448ms 0.8ms 48.1MB 483ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 451ms 5.3ms 82.3MB 480ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 570ms 6.7ms 44.6MB 483ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1247ms 8.3ms 612.0MB 1383ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1263ms 12ms 761.8MB 1380ms 107ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3428ms 91ms 2585.6MB 1647ms 1983ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.5ms 3.1MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 2.cr 38ms 0.5ms 3.1MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 120ms 1.3ms 45.2MB 160ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 122ms 3.4ms 48.0MB 157ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 126ms 6.4ms 81.5MB 157ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 255ms 8.1ms 44.8MB 173ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 305ms 1.9ms 374.3MB 440ms 63ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 314ms 3.5ms 404.5MB 453ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 718ms 16ms 545.0MB 480ms 433ms openjdk/zgc 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 301ms 3.6ms 8.1MB 290ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 414ms 8.0ms 115.1MB 463ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 417ms 11ms 118.0MB 453ms 27ms openjdk 23
crystal 1.cr 440ms 6.5ms 42.3MB 430ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 598ms 4.7ms 112.6MB 497ms 167ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1-m.java 645ms 4.3ms 256.4MB 920ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 783ms 3.4ms 57.0MB 837ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 785ms 6.3ms 60.3MB 833ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 856ms 3.3ms 53.4MB 780ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 1326ms 70ms 214.5MB 2320ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 77ms 2.1ms 4.4MB 67ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 91ms 3.7ms 13.0MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 158ms 11ms 68.1MB 193ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 159ms 1.7ms 64.7MB 210ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 209ms 17ms 124.7MB 293ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 261ms 1.6ms 50.5MB 313ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 261ms 1.8ms 49.9MB 320ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 292ms 2.3ms 61.4MB 210ms 157ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 371ms 7.0ms 47.7MB 307ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 474ms 3.4ms 194.3MB 833ms 70ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1886ms 42ms 6.2MB 1853ms 17ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 3250ms 4.4ms 443.6MB 3687ms 107ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3741ms 68ms 414.0MB 4627ms 120ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 3777ms 87ms 428.4MB 4617ms 110ms openjdk 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 2126.2MB 4680ms 1213ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 479ms 12ms 5.0MB 463ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 904ms 8.4ms 445.7MB 1267ms 97ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 1004ms 16ms 422.6MB 1803ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 1030ms 26ms 432.7MB 1780ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 2045ms 43ms 1343.3MB 1747ms 1080ms openjdk/zgc 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 1990ms 4.9ms 48.3MB 7590ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 2007ms 4.6ms 48.8MB 7640ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 2118ms 9.6ms 45.4MB 7597ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 2519ms 21ms 94.5MB 9413ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 3792ms 11ms 4.5MB 3783ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 603ms 2.9ms 47.6MB 2127ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 618ms 4.6ms 49.0MB 2187ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 737ms 4.9ms 45.5MB 2160ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 775ms 11ms 95.1MB 2713ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 952ms 1.2ms 4.3MB 940ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 248ms 11ms 3.8MB 237ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 2-m.java 255ms 0.5ms 47.6MB 760ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 259ms 11ms 48.6MB 767ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 305ms 26ms 96.4MB 910ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2-m.java 384ms 3.8ms 45.7MB 763ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21