Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Crystal VS D benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon Jun 23 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1282ms 30ms 64.2MB 1257ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 2244ms 4.4ms 312.4MB 2210ms 43ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 3045ms 8.9ms 315.0MB 3220ms 50ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 109ms 0.7ms 11.0MB 97ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 208ms 3.2ms 207.1MB 190ms 10ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 261ms 1.1ms 208.7MB 237ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1505ms 22ms 19.9MB 1440ms 53ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 18.2MB 4963ms 23ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 15.3MB 4957ms 27ms ldc2 1.41.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 85ms 1.6ms 7.1MB 63ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 1081ms 24ms 10.3MB 1053ms 17ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 1398ms 9.7ms 12.3MB 1370ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 58ms 1.4ms 6.4MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 2555ms 6.6ms 8.0MB 2543ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 2868ms 6.9ms 10.4MB 2853ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 23ms 1.5ms 5.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 442ms 1.2ms 8.1MB 430ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 519ms 1.1ms 10.5MB 510ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 379ms 0.9ms 3.0MB 1427ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2-im.d 1124ms 2.7ms 3.0MB 4320ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1-i.d 1487ms 0.9ms 2.9MB 1480ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
crystal 1.cr 2481ms 9.0ms 2.9MB 2470ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 3114ms 14ms 2.9MB 3107ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2-i.d 3236ms 19ms 2.9MB 3230ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 3542ms 12ms 4.8MB 3533ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 4502ms 67ms 4.8MB 17493ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.6MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d timeout 0.0ms 4.9MB 19737ms 17ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 39ms 2.8ms 2.9MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2-im.d 99ms 1.5ms 3.0MB 343ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1-i.d 124ms 0.5ms 2.9MB 117ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
crystal 1.cr 213ms 7.6ms 2.9MB 200ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 265ms 1.9ms 2.9MB 257ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2-i.d 266ms 1.3ms 2.9MB 260ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 298ms 3.2ms 4.6MB 290ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 376ms 1.8ms 4.9MB 1430ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d 530ms 2.8ms 4.9MB 2010ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d 893ms 17ms 4.6MB 883ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d 1386ms 12ms 4.5MB 1377ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 112ms 2.0ms 2.9MB 103ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
crystal 2.cr 535ms 2.1ms 3.5MB 447ms 80ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 653ms 24ms 4.8MB 643ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 681ms 1.3ms 14.6MB 573ms 93ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 15ms 1.4ms 2.9MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
crystal 2.cr 57ms 0.7ms 3.6MB 40ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 68ms 1.5ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 73ms 0.9ms 4.9MB 57ms 3ms crystal 1.16.3

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.7ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 1.9ms 0.2ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 1.9ms 0.2ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 2297ms 153ms 300.0MB 313ms 450ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1282ms 15ms 53.0MB 33ms 70ms crystal 1.16.3

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 36ms 0.9ms 3.0MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 65ms 1.9ms 3.0MB 60ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 133ms 2.9ms 5.9MB 127ms 3ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 175ms 1.0ms 8.0MB 163ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 101ms 2.3ms 3.0MB 93ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 186ms 0.8ms 3.0MB 180ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 382ms 1.3ms 5.9MB 370ms 17ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 515ms 2.4ms 7.9MB 510ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 19ms 1.1ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 30ms 0.6ms 3.0MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 59ms 1.7ms 6.1MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 80ms 1.6ms 8.2MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 316ms 2.7ms 9.3MB 303ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 368ms 0.4ms 7.6MB 360ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 2121ms 34ms 9.4MB 2110ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 17ms 0.6ms 6.1MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 18ms 0.2ms 3.1MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 92ms 2.7ms 4.6MB 83ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 880ms 16ms 64.2MB 857ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 1113ms 6.0ms 312.4MB 1077ms 37ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 1847ms 15ms 314.6MB 1973ms 47ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 173ms 3.0ms 22.2MB 157ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 226ms 1.5ms 312.5MB 190ms 23ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 357ms 2.6ms 314.8MB 323ms 30ms dmd 2.111.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 342ms 1.3ms 3.3MB 330ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 344ms 2.9ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 2.d 361ms 1.5ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 361ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 683ms 2.8ms 4.6MB 673ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 2027ms 4.0ms 4.6MB 2017ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 38ms 0.4ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.4ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 38ms 0.4ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 39ms 0.4ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 71ms 1.3ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 213ms 7.6ms 4.8MB 203ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 326ms 4.7ms 45.7MB 310ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
crystal 2.cr 350ms 2.1ms 8.3MB 340ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 378ms 9.9ms 79.3MB 360ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 432ms 2.5ms 42.9MB 420ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 2.d 846ms 1.8ms 49.7MB 827ms 10ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 1175ms 4.5ms 51.7MB 1150ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 62ms 2.9ms 15.7MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 76ms 1.4ms 25.3MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 2.cr 89ms 2.4ms 4.5MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 92ms 3.7ms 13.2MB 83ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 2.d 212ms 2.5ms 17.7MB 197ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 295ms 1.4ms 19.8MB 280ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1928ms 26ms 6.3MB 1897ms 17ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 2448ms 17ms 8.1MB 2423ms 410ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 4455ms 6.5ms 10.5MB 4357ms 523ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 447ms 9.3ms 4.9MB 433ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
d 1.d 585ms 1.9ms 8.1MB 563ms 107ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 1056ms 1.9ms 10.3MB 1033ms 117ms dmd 2.111.0

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 3601ms 8.6ms 6.1MB 3593ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 3668ms 32ms 8.4MB 3657ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 3760ms 10ms 4.5MB 3747ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 911ms 17ms 3.8MB 900ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 915ms 7.3ms 5.4MB 907ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 949ms 7.6ms 4.4MB 940ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 229ms 1.2ms 3.1MB 220ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 235ms 1.0ms 5.0MB 223ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 241ms 5.4ms 3.8MB 233ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3