Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Crystal VS Java benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sat Mar 29 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 464ms 6.6ms 574.2MB 563ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 479ms 9.1ms 616.4MB 583ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 481ms 19ms 639.3MB 660ms 120ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 1236ms 32ms 1075.1MB 593ms 800ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 1256ms 14ms 64.0MB 1233ms 7ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 104ms 3.0ms 10.9MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 2.java 126ms 3.2ms 166.9MB 150ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 129ms 10ms 97.1MB 167ms 33ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 149ms 2.9ms 225.2MB 223ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 312ms 9.7ms 241.7MB 150ms 213ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1216ms 13ms 19.6MB 1143ms 53ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 2315ms 224ms 263.5MB 8803ms 130ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 2383ms 196ms 242.9MB 9020ms 140ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2946ms 204ms 1232.1MB 9510ms 1123ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 71ms 1.5ms 7.0MB 43ms 10ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 446ms 10ms 93.3MB 1473ms 53ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 475ms 14ms 130.5MB 1567ms 70ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 677ms 31ms 217.5MB 1827ms 267ms openjdk/zgc 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 58ms 0.5ms 6.4MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 623ms 17ms 398.0MB 1187ms 123ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 634ms 69ms 264.6MB 1700ms 73ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 637ms 48ms 243.9MB 1720ms 70ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 988ms 37ms 532.6MB 1707ms 437ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 22ms 1.6ms 5.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 308ms 8.6ms 225.1MB 610ms 67ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 328ms 2.9ms 177.2MB 887ms 57ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 374ms 17ms 127.0MB 1007ms 60ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 519ms 31ms 214.7MB 1017ms 217ms openjdk/zgc 21

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 892ms 1.5ms 96.4MB 3260ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 951ms 48ms 48.8MB 3533ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 986ms 4.4ms 50.2MB 3620ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1049ms 7.4ms 45.7MB 3410ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 2498ms 7.0ms 2.8MB 2487ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 187ms 7.1ms 48.5MB 477ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 193ms 2.0ms 50.3MB 500ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 198ms 11ms 95.6MB 537ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 207ms 2.8ms 2.9MB 200ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 302ms 10ms 45.6MB 503ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4-m.java 450ms 7.2ms 101.3MB 637ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 459ms 3.8ms 49.0MB 550ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 4.java 461ms 6.4ms 47.5MB 547ms 27ms openjdk 21
crystal 2.cr 557ms 5.8ms 3.4MB 460ms 77ms crystal 1.15.1
java 4.java 576ms 6.5ms 45.3MB 553ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
crystal 1.cr 698ms 1.4ms 14.4MB 580ms 107ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 59ms 0.6ms 3.5MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 75ms 1.4ms 4.8MB 53ms 10ms crystal 1.15.1
java 4-m.java 122ms 3.2ms 46.3MB 163ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 4-m.java 131ms 2.3ms 47.9MB 177ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 4-m.java 143ms 7.4ms 92.6MB 210ms 33ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 241ms 8.7ms 44.1MB 157ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 2.0ms 0.2ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 66ms 0.5ms 52.8MB 68ms 22ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 69ms 3.8ms 43.8MB 76ms 16ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 73ms 1.9ms 44.5MB 74ms 14ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 194ms 3.2ms 42.8MB 80ms 136ms openjdk/zgc 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 2484ms 156ms 256.0MB 320ms 500ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1251ms 108ms 59.4MB 30ms 80ms crystal 1.15.1

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 37ms 0.6ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 66ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 60ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 100ms 2.3ms 2.9MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 186ms 3.7ms 2.9MB 173ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 18ms 0.8ms 2.9MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 32ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 313ms 0.1ms 9.0MB 300ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1b.java 1159ms 12ms 54.4MB 1263ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1b.java 1163ms 10ms 55.4MB 1277ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1b.java 1203ms 22ms 109.8MB 1437ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1254ms 5.6ms 133.1MB 1370ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 1275ms 11ms 51.1MB 1247ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 1656ms 6.9ms 56.4MB 1753ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1665ms 7.4ms 55.0MB 1767ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1a.java 1682ms 6.9ms 102.6MB 1793ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1713ms 17ms 202.5MB 1790ms 37ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 1715ms 3.0ms 320.3MB 1777ms 57ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1780ms 3.1ms 51.4MB 1753ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 2382ms 13ms 844.6MB 1807ms 683ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 686.7MB 5320ms 113ms openjdk 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 802.5MB 5360ms 127ms openjdk 23
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 3464.0MB 3350ms 2007ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 18ms 0.5ms 6.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1b-m.java 186ms 4.8ms 51.8MB 293ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1a-m.java 190ms 2.9ms 51.0MB 293ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 191ms 3.1ms 81.4MB 267ms 30ms openjdk 21
java 1b-m.java 192ms 6.8ms 49.3MB 307ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1a-m.java 193ms 6.8ms 52.4MB 290ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 195ms 5.6ms 87.2MB 263ms 37ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 200ms 9.3ms 112.5MB 317ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1a-m.java 208ms 5.0ms 98.8MB 313ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b-m.java 229ms 17ms 102.1MB 383ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 300ms 9.5ms 47.4MB 277ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 312ms 2.7ms 48.2MB 287ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 343ms 9.0ms 114.4MB 263ms 173ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 568ms 13ms 622.7MB 853ms 100ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 576ms 0.6ms 813.9MB 843ms 110ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 1594ms 4.0ms 1319.6MB 847ms 1050ms openjdk/zgc 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 405ms 1.0ms 680.0MB 473ms 97ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 408ms 3.0ms 544.3MB 507ms 87ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 409ms 2.7ms 638.5MB 613ms 100ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 847ms 17ms 64.0MB 823ms 10ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 1079ms 14ms 967.6MB 430ms 763ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 156ms 3.3ms 22.2MB 140ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1-m.java 166ms 3.5ms 159.8MB 240ms 43ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 166ms 4.0ms 206.8MB 237ms 47ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 213ms 8.8ms 253.3MB 357ms 63ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 414ms 4.7ms 341.8MB 220ms 273ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 343ms 2.0ms 3.1MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 345ms 1.8ms 3.1MB 337ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 445ms 3.1ms 81.4MB 473ms 27ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 448ms 1.2ms 45.5MB 493ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 450ms 1.9ms 48.1MB 483ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 570ms 3.2ms 44.7MB 490ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1242ms 14ms 599.7MB 1377ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1263ms 11ms 775.7MB 1373ms 113ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3341ms 60ms 2440.1MB 1657ms 1900ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.2ms 3.1MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 2.cr 39ms 0.8ms 3.1MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 119ms 5.4ms 45.2MB 157ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 123ms 5.6ms 81.6MB 157ms 27ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 124ms 1.4ms 47.8MB 160ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 248ms 2.5ms 44.8MB 170ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 297ms 9.8ms 354.8MB 443ms 57ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 322ms 3.6ms 396.6MB 450ms 73ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 694ms 10ms 528.8MB 457ms 420ms openjdk/zgc 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 300ms 2.7ms 8.1MB 290ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 418ms 9.7ms 115.3MB 463ms 27ms openjdk 21
crystal 1.cr 424ms 4.1ms 42.3MB 413ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 444ms 12ms 118.1MB 487ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 578ms 14ms 112.6MB 480ms 170ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1-m.java 640ms 25ms 255.6MB 920ms 80ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 783ms 2.1ms 60.4MB 833ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 784ms 1.1ms 57.8MB 840ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 851ms 3.6ms 53.4MB 783ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 1410ms 27ms 288.5MB 2513ms 130ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 77ms 0.8ms 4.4MB 70ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 94ms 1.2ms 13.0MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 158ms 2.3ms 68.0MB 200ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 164ms 3.5ms 65.0MB 220ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 209ms 4.1ms 137.4MB 293ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 257ms 4.6ms 49.9MB 313ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 264ms 1.7ms 50.3MB 313ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 290ms 3.5ms 61.4MB 210ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 371ms 2.4ms 47.2MB 310ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 479ms 1.2ms 185.2MB 853ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1888ms 51ms 6.2MB 1860ms 13ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 3212ms 12ms 445.5MB 3660ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3696ms 50ms 426.0MB 4590ms 110ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 3706ms 47ms 436.5MB 4570ms 117ms openjdk 23
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1918.6MB 4623ms 1213ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 458ms 11ms 4.9MB 447ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 1.java 887ms 0.9ms 440.3MB 1237ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 1005ms 41ms 423.5MB 1817ms 100ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 1005ms 37ms 416.2MB 1837ms 110ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 2051ms 45ms 1392.4MB 1747ms 1100ms openjdk/zgc 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 1989ms 19ms 47.7MB 7560ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 1997ms 1.6ms 49.0MB 7633ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 2134ms 23ms 45.4MB 7440ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 2523ms 33ms 95.5MB 9413ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 3796ms 8.8ms 4.4MB 3783ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 605ms 9.9ms 47.7MB 2137ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 616ms 4.1ms 48.4MB 2170ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 730ms 1.3ms 45.4MB 2137ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 781ms 8.9ms 93.2MB 2740ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
crystal 1.cr 955ms 4.2ms 4.3MB 943ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 243ms 3.1ms 3.8MB 233ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
java 2-m.java 255ms 6.3ms 49.0MB 753ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 255ms 9.2ms 47.6MB 763ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 319ms 30ms 94.2MB 960ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2-m.java 382ms 13ms 45.2MB 747ms 153ms openjdk/zgc 21