Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Crystal VS D benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sat Mar 29 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1256ms 14ms 64.0MB 1233ms 7ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 1806ms 33ms 312.6MB 1780ms 33ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2698ms 1.3ms 314.7MB 2880ms 47ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 104ms 3.0ms 10.9MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 166ms 2.5ms 210.0MB 137ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 233ms 6.2ms 212.0MB 207ms 10ms dmd 2.110.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1216ms 13ms 19.6MB 1143ms 53ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 17.7MB 4970ms 20ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.5MB 4967ms 23ms ldc2 1.40.1

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 71ms 1.5ms 7.0MB 43ms 10ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 1037ms 6.6ms 12.3MB 1007ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1317ms 7.0ms 14.6MB 1290ms 13ms dmd 2.110.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 58ms 0.5ms 6.4MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 2552ms 6.6ms 8.1MB 2533ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2906ms 4.9ms 10.5MB 2890ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 22ms 1.6ms 5.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 443ms 2.4ms 8.0MB 430ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 531ms 5.1ms 10.2MB 517ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 379ms 4.8ms 2.9MB 1423ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 1118ms 4.1ms 3.0MB 4320ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 1485ms 1.1ms 2.9MB 1473ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 2498ms 7.0ms 2.8MB 2487ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 3110ms 7.8ms 2.8MB 3103ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 3237ms 0.3ms 2.9MB 3230ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3555ms 11ms 4.6MB 3543ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1-im.d 4484ms 26ms 4.8MB 17543ms 3ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2-im.d timeout 0.0ms 4.8MB 19730ms 3ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 37ms 0.4ms 3.0MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 99ms 1.3ms 3.0MB 347ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 124ms 0.4ms 2.9MB 113ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 207ms 2.8ms 2.9MB 200ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 263ms 0.9ms 2.9MB 253ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 268ms 0.8ms 2.9MB 260ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 300ms 1.1ms 4.6MB 290ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1-im.d 380ms 3.5ms 4.9MB 1427ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2-im.d 527ms 5.2ms 4.8MB 2000ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1-i.d 866ms 17ms 4.9MB 860ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2-i.d 1377ms 12ms 4.5MB 1367ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 194ms 2.0ms 49.1MB 180ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 2.cr 557ms 5.8ms 3.4MB 460ms 77ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 623ms 3.0ms 51.5MB 613ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
crystal 1.cr 698ms 1.4ms 14.4MB 580ms 107ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 24ms 0.4ms 11.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 2.cr 59ms 0.6ms 3.5MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 67ms 0.2ms 11.1MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
crystal 1.cr 75ms 1.4ms 4.8MB 53ms 10ms crystal 1.15.1

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.7ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 2.0ms 0.2ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 2.4ms 0.3ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 2484ms 156ms 256.0MB 320ms 500ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1251ms 108ms 59.4MB 30ms 80ms crystal 1.15.1

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 37ms 0.6ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 66ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 60ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 130ms 1.7ms 5.9MB 123ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 176ms 2.9ms 7.9MB 170ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 100ms 2.3ms 2.9MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 186ms 3.7ms 2.9MB 173ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 377ms 1.7ms 5.9MB 363ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 518ms 5.4ms 8.3MB 503ms 17ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 18ms 0.8ms 2.9MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 32ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 57ms 0.8ms 6.1MB 47ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 82ms 1.5ms 8.3MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 294ms 0.8ms 7.0MB 280ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 313ms 0.1ms 9.0MB 300ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 2202ms 23ms 9.0MB 2193ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 15ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 18ms 0.5ms 6.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 98ms 3.5ms 4.5MB 90ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 847ms 17ms 64.0MB 823ms 10ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 965ms 16ms 312.6MB 933ms 33ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1744ms 13ms 314.7MB 1880ms 43ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 156ms 3.3ms 22.2MB 140ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 195ms 2.0ms 312.6MB 160ms 27ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 336ms 1.6ms 314.9MB 303ms 27ms dmd 2.110.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 343ms 2.0ms 3.1MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 1.cr 345ms 1.8ms 3.1MB 337ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 2.d 361ms 0.7ms 2.8MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 362ms 1.6ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 682ms 2.8ms 4.6MB 670ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2.d 2081ms 79ms 4.5MB 2070ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.2ms 3.1MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
crystal 2.cr 39ms 0.8ms 3.1MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 39ms 0.4ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 40ms 0.3ms 2.8MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 73ms 0.3ms 4.5MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2.d 208ms 2.7ms 4.6MB 200ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 300ms 2.7ms 8.1MB 290ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 324ms 19ms 45.1MB 307ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 368ms 7.4ms 77.3MB 353ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
crystal 1.cr 424ms 4.1ms 42.3MB 413ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 2.d 846ms 3.0ms 49.1MB 827ms 7ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 1177ms 6.0ms 51.2MB 1163ms 3ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 64ms 2.8ms 15.0MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 2.cr 77ms 0.8ms 4.4MB 70ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 77ms 2.3ms 27.2MB 67ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
crystal 1.cr 94ms 1.2ms 13.0MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 2.d 209ms 1.8ms 17.0MB 200ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 294ms 2.2ms 18.9MB 280ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1888ms 51ms 6.2MB 1860ms 13ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 2436ms 6.3ms 8.0MB 2400ms 397ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 4333ms 19ms 10.2MB 4277ms 470ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 458ms 11ms 4.9MB 447ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1
d 1.d 584ms 0.8ms 8.0MB 567ms 103ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1032ms 2.7ms 10.2MB 1003ms 110ms dmd 2.110.0

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 3594ms 1.3ms 3.9MB 3580ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3667ms 17ms 5.9MB 3657ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
crystal 1.cr 3796ms 8.8ms 4.4MB 3783ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 901ms 1.7ms 3.5MB 890ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 924ms 11ms 5.1MB 913ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
crystal 1.cr 955ms 4.2ms 4.3MB 943ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 228ms 0.5ms 3.1MB 220ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 234ms 2.2ms 7.5MB 223ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
crystal 1.cr 243ms 3.1ms 3.8MB 233ms 0ms crystal 1.15.1