Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Rust benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Thu May 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 492ms 10ms 578.8MB 590ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 4.rs 1262ms 11ms 33.8MB 1240ms 10ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 5.rs 1330ms 3.4ms 33.8MB 1307ms 13ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3.rs 1471ms 55ms 49.8MB 1440ms 17ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1.kt 3846ms 34ms 144.1MB 4020ms 77ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 3.2ms 163.1MB 143ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 4.rs 121ms 0.2ms 5.8MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 5.rs 128ms 0.5ms 5.8MB 120ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3.rs 137ms 9.7ms 7.8MB 123ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1.kt 204ms 3.4ms 17.6MB 210ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-m.rs 536ms 39ms 9.1MB 2017ms 67ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 5-m.rs 631ms 109ms 5.8MB 2383ms 60ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1-m.rs 929ms 2.1ms 7.3MB 3410ms 223ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3.rs 1120ms 2.0ms 9.3MB 1080ms 27ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 4.rs 1843ms 14ms 6.9MB 1833ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 1966ms 64ms 237.9MB 7327ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2131ms 19ms 217.3MB 2937ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4241ms 30ms 21.4MB 14193ms 557ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5507ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-m.rs 54ms 1.6ms 3.5MB 163ms 10ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3-m.rs 57ms 2.5ms 4.3MB 183ms 7ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3.rs 71ms 1.8ms 4.0MB 60ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1-m.rs 72ms 0.4ms 3.5MB 223ms 27ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 4.rs 114ms 2.2ms 3.1MB 107ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 250ms 1.5ms 21.3MB 833ms 47ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 387ms 13ms 17.4MB 397ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 480ms 15ms 74.4MB 1100ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 881ms 82ms 95.9MB 3080ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1.2ms 0.0ms 1.8MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 1.5ms 0.3ms 1.8MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0-nightly
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.2ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 61ms 0.9ms 47.6MB 78ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 341ms 25ms 86.5MB 167ms 537ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 2-http2.rs 380ms 116ms 58.1MB 863ms 420ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 2-m.rs 408ms 17ms 74.1MB 240ms 863ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1-http2.rs 781ms 162ms 68.1MB 2147ms 687ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 4772ms 83ms 444.0MB 14403ms 2467ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 404.3MB 15977ms 2973ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 48ms 1.8ms 15.8MB 13ms 73ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 2-m.rs 79ms 2.0ms 21.1MB 37ms 163ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1-http2.rs 227ms 53ms 27.1MB 590ms 193ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 2-http2.rs 230ms 60ms 28.9MB 603ms 187ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 2042ms 296ms 229.7MB 6220ms 627ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2149ms 29ms 238.8MB 5513ms 630ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 29ms 1.5ms 9.8MB 17ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 4-i.rs 31ms 1.5ms 7.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3.rs 61ms 2.6ms 32.0MB 40ms 10ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 2.rs 62ms 2.6ms 33.8MB 40ms 10ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 100ms 1.5ms 67.4MB 57ms 30ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 779ms 88ms 173.9MB 2120ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 211ms 3.5ms 53.3MB 190ms 10ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 4-i.rs 259ms 3.8ms 53.7MB 203ms 43ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3.rs 405ms 1.1ms 237.8MB 303ms 90ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 2.rs 413ms 5.8ms 237.8MB 307ms 93ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 695ms 12ms 551.8MB 450ms 227ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 1881ms 40ms 702.6MB 4407ms 157ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 41ms 7.1ms 1.9MB 33ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 47ms 6.4ms 2.0MB 40ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 196ms 4.7ms 95.0MB 317ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 197ms 54ms 12.5MB 197ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2-m.kt 203ms 3.6ms 101.8MB 443ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 359ms 0.8ms 12.4MB 363ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 136ms 3.5ms 1.8MB 127ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 199ms 9.5ms 1.9MB 190ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 316ms 6.8ms 213.9MB 543ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 342ms 5.5ms 202.7MB 460ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 485ms 11ms 12.4MB 523ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1055ms 17ms 12.5MB 1087ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 23ms 0.2ms 1.8MB 13ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 30ms 1.2ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 2.kt 93ms 1.7ms 12.9MB 87ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.5ms 12.8MB 113ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 150ms 3.8ms 90.8MB 293ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 163ms 4.5ms 96.5MB 353ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 406ms 17ms 680.2MB 453ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 1.rs 700ms 11ms 33.8MB 677ms 7ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1.kt 1821ms 13ms 89.8MB 1913ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 151ms 3.1ms 9.8MB 140ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 7.9ms 207.3MB 207ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 259ms 1.7ms 24.9MB 263ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 166ms 3.7ms 1.9MB 157ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 238ms 0.2ms 1.8MB 230ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 7-i.rs 239ms 2.5ms 1.8MB 230ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3.rs 279ms 1.0ms 1.8MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 284ms 1.0ms 1.6MB 273ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1n.kt 350ms 1.7ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 1.3ms 49.4MB 487ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 18ms 0.1ms 1.8MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 26ms 0.2ms 1.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 7-i.rs 26ms 0.1ms 1.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 3.rs 30ms 0.1ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 31ms 0.1ms 1.6MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.9ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 0.7ms 49.7MB 167ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1506ms 3.3ms 2.7MB 1293ms 193ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 2.rs 1713ms 6.7ms 2.7MB 1627ms 73ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1.kt 3800ms 74ms 352.9MB 4630ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 4013ms 1483ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.8MB 5123ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 314ms 0.1ms 2.4MB 290ms 10ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 2.rs 383ms 4.0ms 2.4MB 373ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 984ms 36ms 353.1MB 1740ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 4027ms 1493ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 440ms 1.3ms 78.6MB 447ms 13ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5410ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5060ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 50ms 0.5ms 11.6MB 40ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 842ms 18ms 134.5MB 1290ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3207ms 14ms 51.3MB 3277ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 119ms 2.6ms 1.8MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 1431ms 8.3ms 1.9MB 1423ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1.kt 3072ms 52ms 231.6MB 4040ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 31ms 0.9ms 1.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
rust 1.rs 367ms 3.1ms 1.9MB 357ms 0ms rustc 1.86.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 1010ms 43ms 231.7MB 1910ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21