Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Crystal benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon May 19 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 491ms 9.8ms 576.6MB 603ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
crystal 1.cr 1320ms 17ms 64.2MB 1293ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 4175ms 24ms 143.7MB 4367ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 107ms 0.7ms 10.9MB 97ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 0.9ms 159.3MB 150ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 235ms 15ms 17.6MB 240ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1575ms 42ms 19.9MB 1510ms 53ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 1893ms 160ms 233.8MB 7030ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2169ms 49ms 220.1MB 3017ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4283ms 17ms 21.6MB 14280ms 553ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5517ms 30ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 88ms 0.4ms 7.1MB 60ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 248ms 4.5ms 21.1MB 837ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 395ms 2.7ms 17.4MB 403ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 495ms 6.5ms 76.4MB 1130ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 920ms 72ms 97.4MB 3233ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1.9ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 2.1ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 64ms 5.9ms 47.6MB 78ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1613ms 2795ms 455.2MB 15463ms 2483ms kotlin/jvm 21
crystal 1.cr 2258ms 384ms 270.5MB 320ms 440ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 427.0MB 16450ms 2593ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1238ms 101ms 54.0MB 37ms 73ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1-m.kt 2080ms 193ms 220.2MB 5967ms 640ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2084ms 210ms 242.8MB 5633ms 620ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 776ms 95ms 175.3MB 2097ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1835ms 40ms 693.1MB 4310ms 167ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 36ms 1.4ms 3.0MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 64ms 1.6ms 3.0MB 57ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2.kt 168ms 4.4ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 192ms 2.4ms 94.9MB 323ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 209ms 14ms 101.4MB 453ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 353ms 2.2ms 12.5MB 353ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 100ms 1.1ms 3.0MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 185ms 1.4ms 3.0MB 173ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 313ms 0.5ms 214.0MB 540ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 340ms 2.2ms 203.2MB 463ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 474ms 3.0ms 12.4MB 500ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1035ms 8.5ms 12.4MB 1070ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 18ms 0.3ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 31ms 1.1ms 3.0MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 2.kt 95ms 0.4ms 12.8MB 87ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 110ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 3.0ms 90.4MB 287ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 169ms 8.2ms 95.6MB 340ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 395ms 2.5ms 678.6MB 450ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21
crystal 1.cr 868ms 11ms 64.2MB 840ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 2036ms 172ms 90.1MB 2113ms 47ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 155ms 2.4ms 207.3MB 203ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
crystal 1.cr 180ms 3.2ms 22.3MB 163ms 3ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 293ms 4.6ms 25.6MB 297ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 344ms 1.1ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 345ms 2.6ms 3.3MB 337ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1n.kt 353ms 3.9ms 3.6MB 343ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 445ms 1.8ms 49.2MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.2ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 2.cr 39ms 1.3ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.2ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 121ms 2.3ms 49.4MB 170ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1817ms 20ms 6.3MB 1793ms 7ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1.kt 3724ms 64ms 352.5MB 4500ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3990ms 1497ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5130ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 445ms 4.2ms 5.0MB 433ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
kotlin 1-m.kt 1018ms 20ms 353.5MB 1703ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.7MB 3990ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5113ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.6MB 5407ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5080ms 117ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 839ms 12ms 134.6MB 1270ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3231ms 31ms 51.1MB 3300ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3038ms 2.3ms 231.8MB 4063ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 979ms 51ms 232.1MB 1937ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21