Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Python benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon Jun 23 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 502ms 3.0ms 581.8MB 603ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1191ms 15ms 96.3MB 1123ms 53ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 4205ms 55ms 144.8MB 4410ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 41.0MB 4973ms 17ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 40.5MB 4750ms 230ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 101ms 1.2ms 68.6MB 67ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 3.5ms 163.1MB 150ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 219ms 14ms 17.7MB 223ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 476ms 3.1ms 11.9MB 453ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 734ms 12ms 13.0MB 723ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1226ms 4.7ms 105.6MB 1180ms 37ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2-m.kt 1914ms 60ms 234.2MB 7147ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2192ms 8.0ms 218.7MB 3023ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 2700ms 31ms 25.4MB 2673ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
kotlin 2-m.kt 4300ms 30ms 21.1MB 14380ms 537ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5517ms 30ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 4980ms 3ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 226ms 2.3ms 84.8MB 190ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 234ms 4.1ms 20.6MB 213ms 7ms cpython 3.13.5
kotlin 2-m.kt 249ms 2.2ms 21.4MB 840ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 389ms 6.7ms 17.4MB 397ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 482ms 16ms 75.4MB 1090ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 649ms 4.8ms 16.8MB 630ms 3ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 2-m.kt 814ms 72ms 95.6MB 2813ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.1ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 11ms 0.5ms 7.6MB 0ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 14ms 1.1ms 8.9MB 0ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 29ms 1.3ms 51.7MB 10ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 62ms 0.8ms 47.8MB 78ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2259ms 149ms 27.1MB 1080ms 1457ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2431ms 280ms 27.8MB 1587ms 1453ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 4586ms 73ms 106.9MB 2877ms 1087ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2-m.kt 4779ms 156ms 415.1MB 14780ms 2513ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 397.0MB 16267ms 2767ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1094ms 13ms 21.4MB 237ms 253ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1171ms 74ms 23.1MB 320ms 250ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 1635ms 91ms 86.8MB 703ms 207ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 2041ms 202ms 241.1MB 5747ms 710ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2177ms 125ms 242.9MB 5933ms 677ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 202ms 3.1ms 38.1MB 170ms 20ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 219ms 2.1ms 38.7MB 193ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 303ms 7.2ms 88.8MB 260ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 766ms 91ms 171.9MB 2060ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1844ms 20ms 667.3MB 4333ms 157ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1859ms 12ms 220.5MB 1677ms 170ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1912ms 15ms 222.9MB 1833ms 67ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2054ms 243ms 222.0MB 1957ms 83ms cpython 3.13.5

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 2.py 148ms 3.7ms 58.4MB 123ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2.kt 166ms 1.9ms 12.4MB 167ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 182ms 4.5ms 59.4MB 160ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 197ms 7.4ms 94.7MB 323ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 201ms 1.6ms 102.7MB 457ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 375ms 17ms 12.4MB 380ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 742ms 13ms 8.9MB 730ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 861ms 17ms 8.5MB 850ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1135ms 8.0ms 9.5MB 1120ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py 1359ms 9.5ms 9.4MB 1347ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 317ms 2.5ms 210.7MB 540ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 340ms 3.5ms 59.4MB 317ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 341ms 2.0ms 203.0MB 457ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 378ms 4.8ms 60.3MB 353ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2.kt 475ms 2.5ms 12.5MB 503ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1046ms 1.8ms 12.5MB 1073ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2158ms 21ms 8.9MB 2147ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 2527ms 78ms 8.5MB 2513ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3383ms 12ms 9.5MB 3370ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py 3989ms 100ms 9.3MB 3973ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 95ms 0.1ms 12.8MB 87ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 2.py 107ms 0.7ms 58.2MB 80ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 121ms 2.3ms 58.8MB 100ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.1ms 12.8MB 117ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 4.0ms 92.4MB 293ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 170ms 16ms 95.9MB 367ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 356ms 7.7ms 8.5MB 343ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 388ms 3.7ms 8.1MB 377ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 542ms 5.2ms 9.4MB 530ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py 648ms 0.8ms 8.9MB 637ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 394ms 11ms 680.4MB 447ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 1937ms 26ms 90.4MB 2023ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2233ms 15ms 202.7MB 2127ms 97ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 94.1MB 4957ms 33ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 130.4MB 4937ms 50ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 3.2ms 207.4MB 210ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 288ms 11ms 25.8MB 290ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 385ms 7.0ms 104.8MB 327ms 43ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 3165ms 60ms 37.3MB 3140ms 13ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 48.9MB 4963ms 23ms pyston 3.8.12

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 354ms 2.9ms 3.6MB 343ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 444ms 1.3ms 49.7MB 487ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 1361ms 5.0ms 57.9MB 1333ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2654ms 8.4ms 58.4MB 2627ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 9.0MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 9.0MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.3MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 8.1MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 40ms 1.0ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 121ms 1.7ms 49.7MB 167ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 180ms 2.2ms 58.2MB 157ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 306ms 6.8ms 57.2MB 283ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 943ms 6.5ms 8.3MB 933ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 1324ms 11ms 8.1MB 1313ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2929ms 30ms 9.0MB 2917ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py 2959ms 13ms 9.0MB 2947ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 1919ms 1.6ms 8.9MB 1877ms 27ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 1963ms 11ms 9.5MB 1907ms 40ms cpython 3.13.5
python 4.py 2195ms 8.6ms 89.5MB 2153ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 3774ms 15ms 353.5MB 4633ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 4053ms 1487ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5113ms 140ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 451ms 1.8ms 8.6MB 440ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 466ms 1.8ms 9.4MB 453ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 4.py 552ms 2.6ms 83.9MB 513ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 1024ms 7.6ms 352.8MB 1743ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.9MB 4010ms 1517ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.7MB 5123ms 140ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2259ms 23ms 243.6MB 2197ms 50ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 4762ms 13ms 226.3MB 4560ms 190ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5417ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5067ms 120ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 137.2MB 4933ms 50ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 337ms 3.6ms 86.0MB 297ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 502ms 4.6ms 30.5MB 467ms 20ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 619ms 1.3ms 30.1MB 587ms 20ms cpython 3.13.5
kotlin 1-m.kt 828ms 9.1ms 134.4MB 1267ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3234ms 34ms 51.1MB 3313ms 80ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3088ms 35ms 232.4MB 4080ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 3187ms 17ms 8.3MB 3173ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3532ms 13ms 74.6MB 3497ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 3783ms 19ms 8.9MB 3770ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 804ms 5.9ms 8.3MB 793ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 957ms 5.7ms 8.9MB 943ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
kotlin 1-m.kt 982ms 20ms 231.5MB 1887ms 53ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 990ms 6.3ms 67.4MB 960ms 17ms pypy 3.10.16