Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Python benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon Apr 14 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 513ms 4.4ms 577.8MB 603ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1213ms 9.6ms 96.3MB 1153ms 47ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 4515ms 38ms 146.1MB 4703ms 67ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 40.9MB 4967ms 17ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 40.5MB 4760ms 227ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 97ms 0.7ms 68.7MB 70ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 126ms 1.8ms 161.2MB 150ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 318ms 32ms 17.9MB 327ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 477ms 2.7ms 11.9MB 450ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 732ms 10.0ms 12.8MB 720ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1229ms 8.1ms 106.1MB 1177ms 37ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2-m.kt 2184ms 180ms 244.6MB 8133ms 130ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2217ms 57ms 220.3MB 3067ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 2740ms 11ms 25.2MB 2720ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 4498ms 30ms 21.5MB 14707ms 610ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5523ms 30ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 17.3MB 4980ms 3ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 226ms 4.5ms 86.4MB 190ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 238ms 4.8ms 20.5MB 217ms 7ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 253ms 6.4ms 21.3MB 847ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 409ms 11ms 17.4MB 420ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 492ms 12ms 77.2MB 1140ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 677ms 17ms 16.8MB 657ms 7ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 2-m.kt 969ms 186ms 109.2MB 3360ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.1ms 0.1ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 11ms 0.9ms 7.8MB 0ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 14ms 1.3ms 8.6MB 10ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 28ms 0.4ms 51.6MB 10ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 67ms 2.3ms 47.7MB 82ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1982ms 291ms 26.5MB 1100ms 1583ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2558ms 418ms 27.5MB 1607ms 1657ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 4758ms 76ms 103.4MB 2947ms 1227ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 405.5MB 16143ms 2733ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt timeout 0.0ms 458.9MB 15747ms 2687ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1099ms 21ms 21.1MB 243ms 273ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1164ms 45ms 22.8MB 320ms 287ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 1596ms 195ms 86.4MB 730ms 227ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 2223ms 205ms 254.3MB 6403ms 687ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2233ms 250ms 249.5MB 6100ms 650ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 201ms 3.2ms 38.2MB 167ms 17ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 222ms 3.4ms 38.8MB 197ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 299ms 3.1ms 89.5MB 260ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 773ms 88ms 172.2MB 2063ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1828ms 1.9ms 220.5MB 1663ms 153ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 1-m.kt 1862ms 58ms 671.6MB 4417ms 173ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1898ms 10ms 222.2MB 1817ms 63ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 1919ms 14ms 221.5MB 1827ms 80ms cpython 3.13.3

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 2.py 145ms 1.4ms 58.3MB 120ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2.kt 171ms 2.7ms 12.4MB 173ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 178ms 1.3ms 59.3MB 150ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 200ms 3.0ms 96.7MB 333ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 212ms 8.2ms 105.3MB 453ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 357ms 2.2ms 12.5MB 363ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 726ms 8.6ms 8.9MB 717ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 840ms 8.8ms 8.5MB 830ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1148ms 17ms 9.5MB 1137ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 1347ms 2.0ms 9.3MB 1333ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 325ms 2.7ms 215.9MB 557ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 344ms 7.2ms 59.2MB 320ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 344ms 2.7ms 204.8MB 463ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 380ms 1.8ms 60.3MB 357ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2.kt 476ms 6.0ms 12.6MB 507ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1043ms 15ms 12.6MB 1080ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2133ms 11ms 8.9MB 2120ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 2493ms 11ms 8.5MB 2480ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3395ms 51ms 9.5MB 3383ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 3992ms 18ms 9.1MB 3980ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.7ms 12.8MB 87ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 2.py 104ms 2.3ms 58.1MB 87ms 7ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 2.7ms 12.9MB 117ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 122ms 4.0ms 58.7MB 100ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 1.4ms 92.7MB 320ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 167ms 2.2ms 98.3MB 350ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 349ms 7.4ms 8.5MB 337ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 390ms 5.2ms 8.1MB 377ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 552ms 6.4ms 9.3MB 540ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 649ms 7.0ms 8.8MB 637ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 391ms 4.1ms 682.5MB 453ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2170ms 19ms 88.8MB 2273ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2227ms 9.2ms 202.8MB 2113ms 100ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 94.0MB 4960ms 27ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 130.4MB 4937ms 47ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 163ms 0.8ms 209.4MB 213ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 384ms 2.6ms 105.2MB 327ms 43ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 426ms 7.1ms 25.7MB 437ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 3481ms 73ms 37.3MB 3450ms 20ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 48.9MB 4957ms 30ms pyston 3.8.12

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 352ms 1.7ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 448ms 1.3ms 49.3MB 493ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 1350ms 3.5ms 57.9MB 1327ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2654ms 20ms 57.2MB 2627ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.9MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 8.9MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.3MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 8.1MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.9ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 126ms 3.5ms 49.4MB 173ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 177ms 2.0ms 57.9MB 157ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 309ms 11ms 57.1MB 287ms 7ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 1009ms 134ms 8.3MB 997ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 1304ms 5.0ms 8.3MB 1293ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2984ms 72ms 8.8MB 2970ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 3398ms 9.8ms 8.9MB 3387ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 1925ms 11ms 8.9MB 1877ms 33ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 1996ms 9.8ms 9.5MB 1940ms 43ms cpython 3.13.3
python 4.py 2190ms 2.9ms 89.4MB 2150ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 3792ms 49ms 385.9MB 4713ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 27.0MB 4077ms 1520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.4MB 5163ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 451ms 0.8ms 8.6MB 440ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 476ms 4.0ms 9.3MB 467ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 4.py 553ms 5.0ms 83.9MB 513ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 992ms 27ms 355.5MB 1823ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 4110ms 1483ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5130ms 163ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2250ms 7.9ms 243.5MB 2190ms 40ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 4742ms 16ms 252.7MB 4557ms 170ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.6MB 5427ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5100ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 149.9MB 4927ms 57ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 332ms 4.0ms 87.9MB 293ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 499ms 5.4ms 30.0MB 467ms 23ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 619ms 0.9ms 29.5MB 583ms 23ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 1-m.kt 856ms 18ms 134.4MB 1317ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3255ms 36ms 51.1MB 3353ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3093ms 47ms 230.3MB 3913ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 3164ms 6.1ms 8.4MB 3153ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3535ms 23ms 74.3MB 3500ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 3825ms 22ms 8.9MB 3813ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 801ms 5.4ms 8.3MB 790ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 970ms 6.6ms 8.8MB 957ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 992ms 6.4ms 67.3MB 963ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 1029ms 38ms 233.4MB 1937ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21