Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS D benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Fri Aug 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 500ms 16ms 578.4MB 597ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 2187ms 1.9ms 312.5MB 2160ms 33ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 3000ms 18ms 314.1MB 3163ms 50ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 3911ms 6.4ms 143.8MB 4087ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.1ms 159.5MB 143ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 203ms 6.2ms 17.3MB 210ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 205ms 3.2ms 207.9MB 180ms 13ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 262ms 1.9ms 209.7MB 237ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1822ms 185ms 234.2MB 6767ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2180ms 5.5ms 221.2MB 3010ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4271ms 80ms 21.5MB 14227ms 520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.5MB 4970ms 17ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 17.5MB 4963ms 27ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5510ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 247ms 1.8ms 21.6MB 840ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.0ms 17.4MB 397ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 473ms 2.3ms 74.2MB 1100ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 861ms 25ms 96.7MB 3007ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1058ms 5.4ms 10.2MB 1033ms 10ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 1373ms 11ms 12.5MB 1350ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.6ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 2.0ms 0.2ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 61ms 0.9ms 47.6MB 74ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 2407ms 2407ms 418.1MB 10360ms 1773ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 420.7MB 16243ms 2813ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 2079ms 169ms 257.4MB 6020ms 580ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2107ms 35ms 231.9MB 5390ms 557ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 58ms 1.1ms 15.9MB 60ms 7ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 237ms 2.6ms 22.6MB 240ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 702ms 36ms 168.7MB 1873ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 464ms 5.0ms 140.4MB 437ms 30ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 1801ms 57ms 690.0MB 4283ms 153ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 2479ms 20ms 158.4MB 2493ms 37ms dmd 2.111.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 130ms 1.7ms 6.1MB 120ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 2.kt 171ms 9.2ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 176ms 2.3ms 8.1MB 163ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 194ms 4.6ms 95.0MB 323ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 206ms 5.2ms 102.2MB 433ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 357ms 1.0ms 12.4MB 360ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 315ms 6.1ms 212.8MB 547ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 338ms 2.0ms 202.9MB 467ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 380ms 0.5ms 5.9MB 370ms 10ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 2.kt 473ms 5.4ms 12.4MB 500ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 510ms 2.8ms 8.2MB 500ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 1048ms 9.4ms 12.4MB 1077ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 57ms 1.3ms 5.9MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 79ms 0.2ms 7.9MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 90ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 1.5ms 12.8MB 113ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 0.7ms 90.8MB 290ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 171ms 14ms 96.5MB 377ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.6ms 680.7MB 433ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1093ms 13ms 312.6MB 1057ms 37ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 1863ms 29ms 314.3MB 1990ms 47ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 1880ms 15ms 89.9MB 1963ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 154ms 0.3ms 207.3MB 210ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 227ms 2.7ms 312.5MB 193ms 20ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt 268ms 4.1ms 25.6MB 273ms 13ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 359ms 1.1ms 315.0MB 323ms 27ms dmd 2.111.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 352ms 2.5ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 361ms 0.5ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 361ms 1.4ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt 442ms 1.2ms 49.6MB 483ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 683ms 2.2ms 4.8MB 673ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 2033ms 7.1ms 4.8MB 2023ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 39ms 0.7ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.6ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 39ms 0.3ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 71ms 1.1ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 118ms 1.3ms 49.6MB 160ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 208ms 2.9ms 4.8MB 200ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2445ms 17ms 8.1MB 2407ms 423ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt 3669ms 28ms 353.1MB 4487ms 113ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4429ms 2.9ms 10.5MB 4383ms 463ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 3973ms 1500ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 582ms 3.3ms 8.2MB 557ms 110ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 957ms 5.5ms 357.3MB 1767ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1056ms 3.2ms 10.4MB 1033ms 110ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.8MB 3970ms 1513ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5120ms 117ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 584ms 1.7ms 172.2MB 767ms 20ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 3.d 1200ms 3.9ms 177.3MB 1387ms 27ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5407ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5063ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 63ms 0.8ms 26.3MB 70ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 3.d 126ms 0.9ms 31.7MB 137ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 835ms 9.6ms 134.4MB 1263ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3210ms 31ms 51.1MB 3280ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3132ms 21ms 232.2MB 4037ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4859ms 111ms 4.3MB 4827ms 367ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.5MB 4960ms 297ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 981ms 52ms 231.2MB 1923ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1214ms 8.8ms 3.9MB 1190ms 100ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 2046ms 14ms 6.5MB 2037ms 100ms dmd 2.111.0