Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS D benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon May 19 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 491ms 9.8ms 576.6MB 603ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1782ms 3.3ms 312.5MB 1753ms 37ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3057ms 15ms 314.4MB 3227ms 60ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 4175ms 24ms 143.7MB 4367ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 0.9ms 159.3MB 150ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 167ms 2.7ms 207.7MB 140ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 235ms 15ms 17.6MB 240ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 262ms 1.0ms 210.5MB 233ms 17ms dmd 2.111.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1893ms 160ms 233.8MB 7030ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2169ms 49ms 220.1MB 3017ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4283ms 17ms 21.6MB 14280ms 553ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 18.2MB 4963ms 20ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 17.6MB 4963ms 23ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5517ms 30ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 248ms 4.5ms 21.1MB 837ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 395ms 2.7ms 17.4MB 403ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 495ms 6.5ms 76.4MB 1130ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 920ms 72ms 97.4MB 3233ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1046ms 5.9ms 10.5MB 1017ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1385ms 4.2ms 12.0MB 1360ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.7ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1.9ms 0.1ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 2.1ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 64ms 5.9ms 47.6MB 78ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1613ms 2795ms 455.2MB 15463ms 2483ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 427.0MB 16450ms 2593ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 2080ms 193ms 220.2MB 5967ms 640ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2084ms 210ms 242.8MB 5633ms 620ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 59ms 1.4ms 15.7MB 57ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 237ms 0.5ms 22.5MB 240ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 776ms 95ms 175.3MB 2097ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 469ms 1.8ms 140.6MB 433ms 37ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1835ms 40ms 693.1MB 4310ms 167ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 2508ms 23ms 161.3MB 2520ms 37ms dmd 2.111.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 131ms 0.7ms 6.2MB 120ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 2.kt 168ms 4.4ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 176ms 0.9ms 8.0MB 167ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 192ms 2.4ms 94.9MB 323ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 209ms 14ms 101.4MB 453ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 353ms 2.2ms 12.5MB 353ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 313ms 0.5ms 214.0MB 540ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 340ms 2.2ms 203.2MB 463ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 377ms 0.9ms 5.9MB 367ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 2.kt 474ms 3.0ms 12.4MB 500ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 516ms 1.8ms 8.1MB 510ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 1035ms 8.5ms 12.4MB 1070ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 56ms 0.4ms 6.1MB 47ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 79ms 1.8ms 7.9MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 2.kt 95ms 0.4ms 12.8MB 87ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 110ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 3.0ms 90.4MB 287ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 169ms 8.2ms 95.6MB 340ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 395ms 2.5ms 678.6MB 450ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 968ms 7.6ms 312.4MB 933ms 40ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1870ms 35ms 314.3MB 2007ms 47ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 2036ms 172ms 90.1MB 2113ms 47ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 155ms 2.4ms 207.3MB 203ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 199ms 1.4ms 312.5MB 160ms 30ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 293ms 4.6ms 25.6MB 297ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 360ms 4.0ms 314.8MB 323ms 33ms dmd 2.111.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 353ms 3.9ms 3.6MB 343ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 2.d 360ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 360ms 0.6ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 445ms 1.8ms 49.2MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 680ms 2.4ms 4.8MB 670ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 2035ms 5.7ms 4.6MB 2023ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 38ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 39ms 0.6ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.2ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 72ms 1.0ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 121ms 2.3ms 49.4MB 170ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 208ms 2.5ms 4.8MB 197ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2430ms 7.2ms 8.0MB 2377ms 430ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 3724ms 64ms 352.5MB 4500ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4442ms 23ms 10.4MB 4377ms 490ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3990ms 1497ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5130ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 583ms 1.1ms 8.0MB 567ms 103ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1018ms 20ms 353.5MB 1703ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1061ms 8.7ms 10.4MB 1033ms 120ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.7MB 3990ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5113ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 569ms 12ms 172.2MB 747ms 20ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 1198ms 6.4ms 175.1MB 1387ms 20ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.6MB 5407ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5080ms 117ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 63ms 1.2ms 26.2MB 70ms 3ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 128ms 1.2ms 31.7MB 143ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 839ms 12ms 134.6MB 1270ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3231ms 31ms 51.1MB 3300ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3038ms 2.3ms 231.8MB 4063ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4791ms 12ms 4.0MB 4737ms 387ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.5MB 4933ms 317ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 979ms 51ms 232.1MB 1937ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1205ms 8.8ms 3.9MB 1180ms 97ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2046ms 8.3ms 6.5MB 2033ms 103ms dmd 2.111.0