Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Java benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Fri Aug 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 460ms 9.2ms 574.1MB 553ms 83ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 470ms 8.8ms 624.4MB 577ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 480ms 9.9ms 640.7MB 680ms 110ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 500ms 16ms 578.4MB 597ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 1176ms 13ms 1047.1MB 593ms 757ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 3911ms 6.4ms 143.8MB 4087ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 120ms 4.9ms 168.1MB 150ms 30ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.1ms 159.5MB 143ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2-m.java 123ms 0.5ms 97.0MB 173ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 144ms 3.8ms 224.3MB 210ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 203ms 6.2ms 17.3MB 210ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 2.java 304ms 3.3ms 241.5MB 163ms 190ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1822ms 185ms 234.2MB 6767ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2180ms 5.5ms 221.2MB 3010ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2236ms 124ms 258.1MB 8487ms 130ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 2303ms 130ms 243.3MB 8747ms 120ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2997ms 156ms 1243.2MB 9807ms 1063ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4271ms 80ms 21.5MB 14227ms 520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5510ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 247ms 1.8ms 21.6MB 840ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.0ms 17.4MB 397ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1-m.java 471ms 21ms 93.0MB 1567ms 57ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 471ms 2.6ms 127.2MB 1580ms 67ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 473ms 2.3ms 74.2MB 1100ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 673ms 14ms 221.9MB 1820ms 257ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 861ms 25ms 96.7MB 3007ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 61ms 0.9ms 47.6MB 74ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 62ms 1.4ms 52.9MB 64ms 20ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 69ms 4.7ms 43.9MB 78ms 10ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 73ms 1.9ms 44.7MB 74ms 16ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 186ms 3.9ms 42.9MB 82ms 132ms openjdk/zgc 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 2407ms 2407ms 418.1MB 10360ms 1773ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 420.7MB 16243ms 2813ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 2079ms 169ms 257.4MB 6020ms 580ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2107ms 35ms 231.9MB 5390ms 557ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 702ms 36ms 168.7MB 1873ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1801ms 57ms 690.0MB 4283ms 153ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 171ms 9.2ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 194ms 4.6ms 95.0MB 323ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 206ms 5.2ms 102.2MB 433ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 357ms 1.0ms 12.4MB 360ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 315ms 6.1ms 212.8MB 547ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 338ms 2.0ms 202.9MB 467ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 473ms 5.4ms 12.4MB 500ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1048ms 9.4ms 12.4MB 1077ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 90ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 1.5ms 12.8MB 113ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 0.7ms 90.8MB 290ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 171ms 14ms 96.5MB 377ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.6ms 680.7MB 433ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 397ms 3.2ms 536.3MB 483ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 416ms 5.0ms 677.5MB 473ms 100ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 424ms 8.3ms 643.7MB 600ms 123ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1020ms 3.1ms 946.5MB 477ms 693ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 1880ms 15ms 89.9MB 1963ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 154ms 0.3ms 207.3MB 210ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 163ms 2.8ms 158.5MB 247ms 40ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 166ms 1.2ms 207.9MB 240ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 210ms 6.3ms 253.8MB 347ms 60ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 268ms 4.1ms 25.6MB 273ms 13ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 404ms 6.6ms 341.9MB 220ms 260ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 352ms 2.5ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 442ms 1.6ms 81.4MB 473ms 23ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 442ms 1.2ms 49.6MB 483ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 445ms 1.9ms 47.7MB 480ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 446ms 15ms 45.2MB 487ms 13ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 567ms 4.2ms 44.9MB 490ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1238ms 17ms 608.0MB 1377ms 77ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1243ms 5.5ms 744.5MB 1360ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3248ms 81ms 2438.6MB 1660ms 1800ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.6ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 116ms 4.3ms 45.3MB 153ms 20ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 118ms 1.3ms 49.6MB 160ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 121ms 0.2ms 47.8MB 153ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 122ms 8.7ms 81.5MB 153ms 33ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 247ms 2.0ms 44.8MB 173ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 291ms 5.9ms 373.0MB 427ms 53ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 307ms 7.7ms 397.4MB 443ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 671ms 7.7ms 522.5MB 477ms 387ms openjdk/zgc 21

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 3168ms 8.2ms 444.5MB 3577ms 97ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3667ms 34ms 351.6MB 4527ms 113ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 3669ms 28ms 353.1MB 4487ms 113ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 3722ms 53ms 381.7MB 4533ms 113ms openjdk 23
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1806.3MB 4663ms 1183ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 3973ms 1500ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 882ms 6.0ms 444.1MB 1227ms 87ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 957ms 5.5ms 357.3MB 1767ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1009ms 31ms 430.6MB 1757ms 100ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1016ms 30ms 351.1MB 1783ms 83ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 1974ms 2.9ms 1319.5MB 1730ms 1020ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.8MB 3970ms 1513ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5120ms 117ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 408.0MB 5403ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 302.6MB 5337ms 57ms openjdk 21
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 304.6MB 5330ms 57ms openjdk 23
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 469.2MB 4967ms 293ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5407ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5063ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 752ms 7.5ms 175.1MB 1097ms 60ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 797ms 5.7ms 130.5MB 1187ms 37ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 802ms 8.5ms 130.8MB 1220ms 30ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 835ms 9.6ms 134.4MB 1263ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 3.java 975ms 23ms 134.2MB 1167ms 183ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3210ms 31ms 51.1MB 3280ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3132ms 21ms 232.2MB 4037ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 981ms 52ms 231.2MB 1923ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21