Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Java benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon Apr 14 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 461ms 12ms 574.0MB 563ms 83ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 480ms 4.7ms 624.4MB 600ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 481ms 6.8ms 642.9MB 670ms 120ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 513ms 4.4ms 577.8MB 603ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 1174ms 6.5ms 1067.3MB 593ms 750ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 4515ms 38ms 146.1MB 4703ms 67ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 125ms 2.4ms 165.6MB 157ms 30ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 126ms 1.8ms 161.2MB 150ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 135ms 5.3ms 96.2MB 173ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 150ms 5.9ms 224.4MB 227ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 304ms 2.2ms 241.6MB 157ms 203ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 318ms 32ms 17.9MB 327ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 2184ms 180ms 244.6MB 8133ms 130ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2190ms 231ms 262.9MB 8233ms 147ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 2217ms 57ms 220.3MB 3067ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2460ms 195ms 242.5MB 9323ms 150ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2832ms 160ms 1240.0MB 9087ms 1107ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4498ms 30ms 21.5MB 14707ms 610ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5523ms 30ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 253ms 6.4ms 21.3MB 847ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 409ms 11ms 17.4MB 420ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1-m.java 447ms 11ms 94.5MB 1460ms 67ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 492ms 12ms 77.2MB 1140ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 509ms 45ms 129.8MB 1697ms 60ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 673ms 33ms 223.7MB 1810ms 260ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 969ms 186ms 109.2MB 3360ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.1ms 0.1ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 63ms 1.5ms 52.7MB 70ms 20ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 67ms 2.3ms 47.7MB 82ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 72ms 3.3ms 44.4MB 74ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 73ms 1.7ms 43.8MB 80ms 14ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 193ms 6.2ms 43.0MB 84ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 405.5MB 16143ms 2733ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt timeout 0.0ms 458.9MB 15747ms 2687ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 2223ms 205ms 254.3MB 6403ms 687ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2233ms 250ms 249.5MB 6100ms 650ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 773ms 88ms 172.2MB 2063ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1862ms 58ms 671.6MB 4417ms 173ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 171ms 2.7ms 12.4MB 173ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 200ms 3.0ms 96.7MB 333ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 212ms 8.2ms 105.3MB 453ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 357ms 2.2ms 12.5MB 363ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 325ms 2.7ms 215.9MB 557ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 344ms 2.7ms 204.8MB 463ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 476ms 6.0ms 12.6MB 507ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1043ms 15ms 12.6MB 1080ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.7ms 12.8MB 87ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 2.7ms 12.9MB 117ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 1.4ms 92.7MB 320ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 167ms 2.2ms 98.3MB 350ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 391ms 4.1ms 682.5MB 453ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 413ms 2.5ms 537.5MB 517ms 87ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 423ms 5.1ms 677.8MB 480ms 113ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 427ms 10ms 641.7MB 603ms 127ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1047ms 30ms 965.9MB 463ms 723ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 2170ms 19ms 88.8MB 2273ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 163ms 0.8ms 209.4MB 213ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 171ms 3.8ms 206.1MB 240ms 50ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 171ms 0.9ms 158.6MB 250ms 43ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 215ms 11ms 253.5MB 353ms 63ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 424ms 13ms 341.9MB 223ms 283ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 426ms 7.1ms 25.7MB 437ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 352ms 1.7ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 448ms 1.3ms 49.3MB 493ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 449ms 6.5ms 81.4MB 477ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 451ms 0.4ms 48.3MB 487ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 457ms 15ms 45.3MB 490ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 571ms 1.4ms 44.9MB 493ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1260ms 11ms 640.1MB 1390ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1275ms 9.1ms 826.3MB 1380ms 123ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3279ms 125ms 2446.0MB 1647ms 1853ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.9ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 118ms 2.8ms 81.5MB 143ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 123ms 2.0ms 45.2MB 163ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 124ms 4.2ms 48.2MB 157ms 20ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 126ms 3.5ms 49.4MB 173ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 251ms 4.1ms 44.9MB 173ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 305ms 5.3ms 394.5MB 447ms 60ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 328ms 5.1ms 392.1MB 470ms 70ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 687ms 2.7ms 524.4MB 477ms 407ms openjdk/zgc 21

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 3224ms 1.3ms 443.5MB 3647ms 100ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3724ms 86ms 425.6MB 4620ms 100ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 3773ms 21ms 441.7MB 4677ms 123ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1.kt 3792ms 49ms 385.9MB 4713ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1810.6MB 4800ms 1133ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 27.0MB 4077ms 1520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.4MB 5163ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 896ms 7.7ms 441.5MB 1250ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 992ms 27ms 355.5MB 1823ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1025ms 8.5ms 437.3MB 1870ms 107ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1037ms 25ms 375.5MB 1830ms 100ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 2051ms 1.9ms 1354.1MB 1723ms 1100ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 4110ms 1483ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5130ms 163ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 398.2MB 5417ms 97ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 302.2MB 5330ms 53ms openjdk 21
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 304.6MB 5330ms 63ms openjdk 23
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 466.7MB 4970ms 297ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.6MB 5427ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5100ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 780ms 24ms 175.7MB 1163ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 800ms 6.0ms 131.0MB 1180ms 30ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 844ms 52ms 132.6MB 1283ms 40ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 856ms 18ms 134.4MB 1317ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 3.java 995ms 16ms 134.2MB 1203ms 190ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3255ms 36ms 51.1MB 3353ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3093ms 47ms 230.3MB 3913ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1029ms 38ms 233.4MB 1937ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21