Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Rust benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sat Mar 29 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 492ms 35ms 1223.9MB 553ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 4.rs 1269ms 5.9ms 33.6MB 1247ms 7ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 5.rs 1360ms 8.5ms 33.8MB 1333ms 10ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3.rs 1472ms 50ms 49.8MB 1440ms 17ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 3082ms 15ms 246.4MB 5163ms 690ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 104ms 0.8ms 160.3MB 113ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 4.rs 120ms 2.2ms 5.6MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 5.rs 126ms 3.7ms 5.8MB 113ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3.rs 142ms 3.8ms 7.8MB 130ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 276ms 9.6ms 30.3MB 443ms 57ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-m.rs 539ms 51ms 9.3MB 2030ms 63ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 5-m.rs 687ms 4.7ms 5.9MB 2610ms 67ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1-m.rs 946ms 2.8ms 8.4MB 3503ms 200ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3.rs 1127ms 4.1ms 9.3MB 1080ms 33ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 2-m.kt 1734ms 92ms 234.6MB 6420ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 4.rs 1922ms 19ms 7.4MB 1910ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1.kt 2168ms 9.4ms 222.7MB 3003ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 12.9MB 6077ms 487ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 117.1MB 18960ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-m.rs 54ms 3.9ms 3.5MB 163ms 10ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3-m.rs 59ms 5.9ms 4.1MB 183ms 13ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1-m.rs 73ms 1.9ms 3.9MB 237ms 17ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3.rs 74ms 0.3ms 4.0MB 60ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 4.rs 117ms 2.3ms 3.3MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 2-m.kt 426ms 4.7ms 25.0MB 1567ms 20ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 474ms 4.8ms 76.6MB 1057ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 689ms 16ms 8.8MB 813ms 67ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 780ms 21ms 100.6MB 2703ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1.2ms 0.0ms 1.8MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 1.3ms 0.1ms 1.8MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.87.0-nightly
kotlin 1.kt 1.9ms 0.2ms 2.6MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 52ms 0.7ms 47.2MB 62ms 14ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 2-http2.rs 261ms 77ms 47.4MB 587ms 277ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1-m.rs 286ms 51ms 73.4MB 170ms 473ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 2-m.rs 379ms 33ms 71.4MB 243ms 883ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1-http2.rs 786ms 142ms 69.0MB 2120ms 697ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 2-m.kt 4775ms 56ms 442.2MB 14967ms 2663ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 391.3MB 16150ms 2790ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 40ms 2.0ms 14.0MB 20ms 60ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 2-m.rs 86ms 4.3ms 22.4MB 33ms 177ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 2-http2.rs 206ms 41ms 23.6MB 503ms 180ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1-http2.rs 255ms 49ms 28.0MB 653ms 227ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 2114ms 204ms 206.1MB 5923ms 717ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2322ms 100ms 242.4MB 5993ms 683ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 28ms 0.3ms 9.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 4-i.rs 33ms 1.2ms 7.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 2.rs 60ms 0.3ms 33.8MB 40ms 10ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3.rs 63ms 3.6ms 32.0MB 43ms 7ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 101ms 1.6ms 67.4MB 60ms 30ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 835ms 90ms 208.3MB 2240ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 210ms 3.7ms 52.6MB 190ms 7ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 4-i.rs 262ms 3.9ms 54.4MB 207ms 47ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 2.rs 408ms 3.8ms 237.6MB 303ms 93ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3.rs 410ms 6.5ms 237.6MB 303ms 93ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 696ms 5.6ms 550.2MB 450ms 230ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 2326ms 37ms 834.4MB 5107ms 183ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 36ms 2.8ms 1.8MB 27ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 52ms 14ms 1.9MB 43ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 183ms 4.3ms 96.4MB 297ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 198ms 3.5ms 105.0MB 417ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 306ms 5.2ms 5.8MB 433ms 13ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 513ms 4.5ms 5.9MB 613ms 7ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 137ms 7.5ms 1.9MB 130ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 189ms 17ms 2.0MB 180ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 2-m.kt 312ms 12ms 214.5MB 533ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 329ms 7.5ms 204.7MB 423ms 53ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 909ms 6.8ms 5.9MB 1307ms 47ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 1558ms 23ms 5.9MB 1883ms 23ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 23ms 0.6ms 1.8MB 17ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 33ms 3.2ms 1.9MB 23ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 2.kt 140ms 1.7ms 3.6MB 193ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 140ms 7.2ms 92.4MB 263ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 162ms 16ms 95.6MB 337ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 170ms 1.5ms 3.8MB 213ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 360ms 8.1ms 681.4MB 397ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 1.rs 717ms 11ms 33.8MB 693ms 10ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1499ms 4.3ms 134.5MB 2283ms 337ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 130ms 2.8ms 208.5MB 157ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 1.rs 151ms 0.9ms 9.8MB 140ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 312ms 4.3ms 38.5MB 460ms 70ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 164ms 0.4ms 1.9MB 157ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 7-i.rs 239ms 0.8ms 1.8MB 230ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 240ms 0.7ms 1.8MB 230ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3.rs 279ms 0.7ms 1.9MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.87.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 280ms 0.4ms 1.8MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1n.kt 413ms 3.0ms 2.6MB 403ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 447ms 1.8ms 49.3MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 18ms 0.3ms 1.9MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 7-i.rs 26ms 0.2ms 1.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 26ms 0.3ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 3.rs 30ms 0.2ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.87.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 31ms 0.8ms 1.6MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1n.kt 45ms 1.9ms 2.6MB 40ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 120ms 0.4ms 49.6MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1581ms 20ms 2.8MB 1350ms 213ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 2.rs 1744ms 14ms 2.7MB 1643ms 83ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1.kt 3753ms 45ms 355.1MB 4627ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6320ms 267ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5000ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 324ms 1.5ms 2.4MB 300ms 10ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 2.rs 388ms 2.8ms 2.4MB 377ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 983ms 29ms 355.6MB 1763ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6270ms 273ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5010ms 150ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 439ms 2.1ms 77.6MB 443ms 17ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.2MB 5393ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 277.0MB 5430ms 493ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 49ms 1.3ms 12.6MB 43ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 807ms 4.6ms 134.0MB 1223ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3182ms 11ms 63.1MB 3923ms 17ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 119ms 2.9ms 1.9MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 1426ms 5.0ms 1.9MB 1417ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1.kt 3130ms 52ms 233.8MB 4123ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 32ms 2.2ms 1.9MB 23ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
rust 1.rs 366ms 4.5ms 1.9MB 357ms 0ms rustc 1.85.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 984ms 32ms 232.4MB 1807ms 57ms kotlin/jvm 21