Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Rust benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Fri Aug 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 500ms 16ms 578.4MB 597ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 4.rs 1259ms 3.4ms 33.8MB 1240ms 7ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5.rs 1337ms 1.1ms 33.8MB 1317ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 1443ms 32ms 49.8MB 1410ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt 3911ms 6.4ms 143.8MB 4087ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4.rs 121ms 2.1ms 5.8MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.1ms 159.5MB 143ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 5.rs 126ms 2.0ms 5.8MB 120ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 138ms 4.5ms 7.8MB 127ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt 203ms 6.2ms 17.3MB 210ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-m.rs 540ms 40ms 8.9MB 2037ms 60ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 650ms 108ms 5.6MB 2473ms 67ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 975ms 1.4ms 7.4MB 3630ms 197ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 1139ms 4.6ms 9.3MB 1100ms 27ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 1822ms 185ms 234.2MB 6767ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 4.rs 1934ms 7.8ms 6.9MB 1923ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt 2180ms 5.5ms 221.2MB 3010ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4271ms 80ms 21.5MB 14227ms 520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5510ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-m.rs 53ms 3.2ms 3.4MB 160ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3-m.rs 53ms 1.0ms 4.4MB 160ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 70ms 0.3ms 4.0MB 60ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 75ms 0.9ms 3.5MB 243ms 20ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 4.rs 116ms 2.5ms 3.1MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 247ms 1.8ms 21.6MB 840ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.0ms 17.4MB 397ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 473ms 2.3ms 74.2MB 1100ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 861ms 25ms 96.7MB 3007ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1.2ms 0.1ms 1.8MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 1.2ms 0.1ms 1.9MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 61ms 0.9ms 47.6MB 74ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 219ms 191ms 80.3MB 1827ms 2833ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-http2.rs 284ms 64ms 50.0MB 633ms 310ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 349ms 10ms 78.0MB 240ms 837ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-http2.rs 394ms 30ms 60.1MB 793ms 547ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 2407ms 2407ms 418.1MB 10360ms 1773ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 420.7MB 16243ms 2813ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 44ms 5.0ms 19.0MB 20ms 67ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 82ms 6.1ms 22.8MB 37ms 160ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-http2.rs 220ms 96ms 24.1MB 590ms 173ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-http2.rs 223ms 41ms 25.9MB 600ms 173ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 2079ms 169ms 257.4MB 6020ms 580ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2107ms 35ms 231.9MB 5390ms 557ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 29ms 1.5ms 9.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 4-i.rs 33ms 0.8ms 7.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 60ms 1.1ms 32.0MB 40ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 61ms 1.6ms 33.8MB 40ms 7ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 101ms 3.0ms 67.4MB 60ms 23ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 702ms 36ms 168.7MB 1873ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 216ms 2.9ms 53.0MB 190ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 4-i.rs 262ms 5.4ms 54.5MB 210ms 37ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 392ms 6.9ms 238.0MB 290ms 87ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 403ms 5.1ms 237.8MB 307ms 80ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 679ms 0.6ms 551.8MB 443ms 227ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 1801ms 57ms 690.0MB 4283ms 153ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 37ms 4.5ms 1.9MB 27ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 51ms 3.1ms 2.0MB 43ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 2.kt 171ms 9.2ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 194ms 4.6ms 95.0MB 323ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 206ms 5.2ms 102.2MB 433ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 357ms 1.0ms 12.4MB 360ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 133ms 9.5ms 1.8MB 123ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 203ms 10ms 1.9MB 193ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 315ms 6.1ms 212.8MB 547ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 338ms 2.0ms 202.9MB 467ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 473ms 5.4ms 12.4MB 500ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1048ms 9.4ms 12.4MB 1077ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 24ms 0.7ms 1.8MB 17ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 31ms 1.7ms 1.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 90ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 1.5ms 12.8MB 113ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 0.7ms 90.8MB 290ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 171ms 14ms 96.5MB 377ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.6ms 680.7MB 433ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 1.rs 709ms 8.0ms 33.8MB 690ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt 1880ms 15ms 89.9MB 1963ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 154ms 0.3ms 207.3MB 210ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
rust 1.rs 160ms 6.9ms 9.9MB 150ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt 268ms 4.1ms 25.6MB 273ms 13ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 163ms 0.3ms 1.8MB 157ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 7-i.rs 218ms 1.1ms 1.8MB 210ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 229ms 0.6ms 1.8MB 220ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 279ms 0.5ms 1.9MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 279ms 0.3ms 1.6MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1n.kt 352ms 2.5ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 442ms 1.2ms 49.6MB 483ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 18ms 0.1ms 1.8MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 7-i.rs 24ms 0.5ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 25ms 0.5ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 30ms 0.1ms 1.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 30ms 0.1ms 1.6MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.6ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 118ms 1.3ms 49.6MB 160ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1525ms 5.8ms 2.7MB 1310ms 200ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 1707ms 7.2ms 2.7MB 1613ms 77ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt 3669ms 28ms 353.1MB 4487ms 113ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 3973ms 1500ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 321ms 2.3ms 2.4MB 300ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 381ms 2.0ms 2.4MB 370ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 957ms 5.5ms 357.3MB 1767ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.8MB 3970ms 1513ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5120ms 117ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 438ms 2.7ms 78.6MB 450ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5407ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5063ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 49ms 0.5ms 11.6MB 40ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 835ms 9.6ms 134.4MB 1263ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3210ms 31ms 51.1MB 3280ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 119ms 3.0ms 1.9MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 1429ms 26ms 1.9MB 1420ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1.kt 3132ms 21ms 232.2MB 4037ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 32ms 0.6ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 359ms 4.6ms 1.9MB 350ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 981ms 52ms 231.2MB 1923ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21