Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Java benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sat Mar 29 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 464ms 6.6ms 574.2MB 563ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 479ms 9.1ms 616.4MB 583ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 481ms 19ms 639.3MB 660ms 120ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 492ms 35ms 1223.9MB 553ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 1236ms 32ms 1075.1MB 593ms 800ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 3082ms 15ms 246.4MB 5163ms 690ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 104ms 0.8ms 160.3MB 113ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 126ms 3.2ms 166.9MB 150ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 129ms 10ms 97.1MB 167ms 33ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 149ms 2.9ms 225.2MB 223ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 276ms 9.6ms 30.3MB 443ms 57ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 2.java 312ms 9.7ms 241.7MB 150ms 213ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1734ms 92ms 234.6MB 6420ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2168ms 9.4ms 222.7MB 3003ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2315ms 224ms 263.5MB 8803ms 130ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 2383ms 196ms 242.9MB 9020ms 140ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2946ms 204ms 1232.1MB 9510ms 1123ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 12.9MB 6077ms 487ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 117.1MB 18960ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 426ms 4.7ms 25.0MB 1567ms 20ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1-m.java 446ms 10ms 93.3MB 1473ms 53ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 474ms 4.8ms 76.6MB 1057ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 475ms 14ms 130.5MB 1567ms 70ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 677ms 31ms 217.5MB 1827ms 267ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 689ms 16ms 8.8MB 813ms 67ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 780ms 21ms 100.6MB 2703ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 1.9ms 0.2ms 2.6MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 52ms 0.7ms 47.2MB 62ms 14ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 66ms 0.5ms 52.8MB 68ms 22ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 69ms 3.8ms 43.8MB 76ms 16ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 73ms 1.9ms 44.5MB 74ms 14ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 194ms 3.2ms 42.8MB 80ms 136ms openjdk/zgc 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 4775ms 56ms 442.2MB 14967ms 2663ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 391.3MB 16150ms 2790ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 2114ms 204ms 206.1MB 5923ms 717ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2322ms 100ms 242.4MB 5993ms 683ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 835ms 90ms 208.3MB 2240ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 2326ms 37ms 834.4MB 5107ms 183ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 183ms 4.3ms 96.4MB 297ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 198ms 3.5ms 105.0MB 417ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 306ms 5.2ms 5.8MB 433ms 13ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 513ms 4.5ms 5.9MB 613ms 7ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 312ms 12ms 214.5MB 533ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 329ms 7.5ms 204.7MB 423ms 53ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 909ms 6.8ms 5.9MB 1307ms 47ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 1558ms 23ms 5.9MB 1883ms 23ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 140ms 1.7ms 3.6MB 193ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 140ms 7.2ms 92.4MB 263ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 162ms 16ms 95.6MB 337ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 170ms 1.5ms 3.8MB 213ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 360ms 8.1ms 681.4MB 397ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 405ms 1.0ms 680.0MB 473ms 97ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 408ms 3.0ms 544.3MB 507ms 87ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 409ms 2.7ms 638.5MB 613ms 100ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1079ms 14ms 967.6MB 430ms 763ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 1499ms 4.3ms 134.5MB 2283ms 337ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 130ms 2.8ms 208.5MB 157ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 166ms 3.5ms 159.8MB 240ms 43ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 166ms 4.0ms 206.8MB 237ms 47ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 213ms 8.8ms 253.3MB 357ms 63ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 312ms 4.3ms 38.5MB 460ms 70ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 414ms 4.7ms 341.8MB 220ms 273ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 413ms 3.0ms 2.6MB 403ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 445ms 3.1ms 81.4MB 473ms 27ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 447ms 1.8ms 49.3MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 448ms 1.2ms 45.5MB 493ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 450ms 1.9ms 48.1MB 483ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 570ms 3.2ms 44.7MB 490ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1242ms 14ms 599.7MB 1377ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1263ms 11ms 775.7MB 1373ms 113ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3341ms 60ms 2440.1MB 1657ms 1900ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 45ms 1.9ms 2.6MB 40ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 119ms 5.4ms 45.2MB 157ms 17ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 120ms 0.4ms 49.6MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 123ms 5.6ms 81.6MB 157ms 27ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 124ms 1.4ms 47.8MB 160ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 248ms 2.5ms 44.8MB 170ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 297ms 9.8ms 354.8MB 443ms 57ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 322ms 3.6ms 396.6MB 450ms 73ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 694ms 10ms 528.8MB 457ms 420ms openjdk/zgc 21

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 3212ms 12ms 445.5MB 3660ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3696ms 50ms 426.0MB 4590ms 110ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 3706ms 47ms 436.5MB 4570ms 117ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1.kt 3753ms 45ms 355.1MB 4627ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1918.6MB 4623ms 1213ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6320ms 267ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5000ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 887ms 0.9ms 440.3MB 1237ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 983ms 29ms 355.6MB 1763ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1005ms 41ms 423.5MB 1817ms 100ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 1005ms 37ms 416.2MB 1837ms 110ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 2051ms 45ms 1392.4MB 1747ms 1100ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6270ms 273ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5010ms 150ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 406.5MB 5423ms 87ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 302.4MB 5327ms 63ms openjdk 21
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 304.9MB 5330ms 57ms openjdk 23
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 468.0MB 4960ms 307ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.2MB 5393ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 277.0MB 5430ms 493ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 796ms 14ms 176.2MB 1187ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 802ms 15ms 131.6MB 1220ms 30ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 802ms 3.4ms 132.7MB 1237ms 40ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 807ms 4.6ms 134.0MB 1223ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 3.java 980ms 26ms 133.2MB 1147ms 190ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3182ms 11ms 63.1MB 3923ms 17ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3130ms 52ms 233.8MB 4123ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 984ms 32ms 232.4MB 1807ms 57ms kotlin/jvm 21