Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS Java benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Jun 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 455ms 6.3ms 576.1MB 557ms 80ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 462ms 6.4ms 643.1MB 673ms 90ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 470ms 9.4ms 639.7MB 570ms 97ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1.kt 507ms 12ms 574.5MB 603ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 1207ms 20ms 1063.7MB 580ms 793ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 3832ms 23ms 145.7MB 4013ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 124ms 1.0ms 159.2MB 150ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 124ms 1.6ms 167.0MB 157ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 129ms 5.5ms 98.0MB 163ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 143ms 3.2ms 224.5MB 217ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 208ms 3.8ms 17.6MB 217ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 2.java 299ms 4.1ms 241.7MB 157ms 197ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1735ms 114ms 233.9MB 6417ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2098ms 184ms 258.2MB 7953ms 127ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 2195ms 28ms 218.9MB 3027ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2459ms 233ms 242.9MB 9360ms 137ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2764ms 212ms 1176.7MB 8893ms 1110ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4274ms 24ms 21.4MB 14387ms 537ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5507ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 249ms 1.7ms 21.5MB 843ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.8ms 17.4MB 400ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1-m.java 443ms 2.6ms 92.2MB 1470ms 60ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 474ms 14ms 73.5MB 1073ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 479ms 10ms 129.7MB 1607ms 73ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 684ms 24ms 228.2MB 1873ms 250ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 923ms 20ms 101.3MB 3240ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 62ms 0.6ms 47.7MB 74ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 62ms 2.4ms 52.7MB 68ms 18ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 69ms 6.7ms 43.8MB 78ms 12ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 73ms 1.7ms 44.5MB 74ms 16ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 184ms 2.0ms 42.9MB 80ms 132ms openjdk/zgc 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 4825ms 117ms 434.8MB 15097ms 2490ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 434.8MB 16347ms 2720ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 2078ms 157ms 233.3MB 5667ms 590ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 2112ms 39ms 272.7MB 5717ms 583ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 732ms 78ms 157.5MB 1977ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1846ms 49ms 711.3MB 4333ms 173ms kotlin/jvm 21

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 166ms 3.8ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 195ms 3.4ms 95.1MB 327ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 200ms 3.1ms 102.1MB 437ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 355ms 2.4ms 12.4MB 353ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 317ms 3.3ms 213.3MB 553ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 340ms 3.7ms 203.0MB 463ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 474ms 2.5ms 12.4MB 500ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1041ms 16ms 12.5MB 1067ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 83ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 120ms 0.5ms 12.8MB 110ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 0.0ms 90.8MB 303ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 161ms 4.6ms 96.1MB 343ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 384ms 3.9ms 680.1MB 450ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 398ms 1.9ms 544.5MB 497ms 87ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 399ms 2.7ms 679.6MB 473ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 404ms 8.2ms 633.5MB 610ms 97ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1023ms 11ms 974.0MB 463ms 707ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 1811ms 15ms 89.9MB 1887ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 158ms 4.9ms 207.2MB 210ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 166ms 3.4ms 158.5MB 247ms 40ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 170ms 12ms 206.5MB 243ms 43ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 213ms 7.0ms 253.5MB 357ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 255ms 3.0ms 25.3MB 260ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 412ms 7.1ms 341.9MB 213ms 277ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 349ms 0.4ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 441ms 1.8ms 45.4MB 480ms 13ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 444ms 1.2ms 48.2MB 480ms 20ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1.kt 446ms 2.7ms 49.3MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 447ms 3.2ms 81.7MB 483ms 23ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 567ms 1.6ms 45.0MB 490ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1230ms 1.5ms 567.4MB 1367ms 73ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1245ms 7.7ms 792.1MB 1367ms 93ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3242ms 30ms 2411.5MB 1663ms 1800ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 38ms 0.7ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 115ms 2.7ms 81.5MB 143ms 27ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 117ms 1.5ms 45.3MB 157ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 118ms 3.8ms 48.1MB 157ms 17ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 0.7ms 49.6MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 241ms 4.9ms 44.6MB 157ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 289ms 5.6ms 371.1MB 420ms 57ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 305ms 7.2ms 418.7MB 450ms 57ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 680ms 10ms 526.8MB 463ms 403ms openjdk/zgc 21

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 3185ms 10ms 444.0MB 3607ms 107ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3705ms 65ms 448.5MB 4597ms 110ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 3709ms 72ms 366.5MB 4553ms 107ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 3710ms 30ms 353.2MB 4553ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1957.4MB 4627ms 1233ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.7MB 3983ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5117ms 133ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 880ms 4.2ms 369.9MB 1217ms 93ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 975ms 38ms 365.7MB 1740ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1000ms 42ms 386.8MB 1787ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 1014ms 24ms 412.8MB 1770ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 1993ms 39ms 1355.3MB 1723ms 1037ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3980ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5123ms 113ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 397.9MB 5400ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 302.1MB 5340ms 60ms openjdk 21
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 304.6MB 5327ms 53ms openjdk 23
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 470.7MB 4983ms 290ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5413ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.9MB 5057ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 758ms 6.5ms 177.3MB 1123ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 787ms 2.3ms 128.7MB 1197ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 819ms 24ms 130.4MB 1217ms 37ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 834ms 5.0ms 134.5MB 1307ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 3.java 949ms 13ms 133.1MB 1143ms 173ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3338ms 285ms 51.2MB 3400ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3058ms 62ms 231.8MB 4043ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 964ms 26ms 231.0MB 1823ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21