Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Kotlin VS D benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sat Mar 29 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 492ms 35ms 1223.9MB 553ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1806ms 33ms 312.6MB 1780ms 33ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2698ms 1.3ms 314.7MB 2880ms 47ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 3082ms 15ms 246.4MB 5163ms 690ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 104ms 0.8ms 160.3MB 113ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 166ms 2.5ms 210.0MB 137ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 233ms 6.2ms 212.0MB 207ms 10ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 276ms 9.6ms 30.3MB 443ms 57ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1734ms 92ms 234.6MB 6420ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2168ms 9.4ms 222.7MB 3003ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 17.7MB 4970ms 20ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.5MB 4967ms 23ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 12.9MB 6077ms 487ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 117.1MB 18960ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 426ms 4.7ms 25.0MB 1567ms 20ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 474ms 4.8ms 76.6MB 1057ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 689ms 16ms 8.8MB 813ms 67ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 780ms 21ms 100.6MB 2703ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1037ms 6.6ms 12.3MB 1007ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1317ms 7.0ms 14.6MB 1290ms 13ms dmd 2.110.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.7ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 1.9ms 0.2ms 2.6MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 2.4ms 0.3ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1.kt 52ms 0.7ms 47.2MB 62ms 14ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 4775ms 56ms 442.2MB 14967ms 2663ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 391.3MB 16150ms 2790ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 2114ms 204ms 206.1MB 5923ms 717ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2322ms 100ms 242.4MB 5993ms 683ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 57ms 0.3ms 15.8MB 60ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 239ms 0.5ms 22.4MB 240ms 10ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 835ms 90ms 208.3MB 2240ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 451ms 1.8ms 141.7MB 420ms 33ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 2326ms 37ms 834.4MB 5107ms 183ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 2510ms 6.6ms 158.8MB 2523ms 40ms dmd 2.110.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 130ms 1.7ms 5.9MB 123ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 176ms 2.9ms 7.9MB 170ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 183ms 4.3ms 96.4MB 297ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 198ms 3.5ms 105.0MB 417ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 306ms 5.2ms 5.8MB 433ms 13ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 513ms 4.5ms 5.9MB 613ms 7ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 312ms 12ms 214.5MB 533ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 329ms 7.5ms 204.7MB 423ms 53ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 377ms 1.7ms 5.9MB 363ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 518ms 5.4ms 8.3MB 503ms 17ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 2.kt 909ms 6.8ms 5.9MB 1307ms 47ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 1558ms 23ms 5.9MB 1883ms 23ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 57ms 0.8ms 6.1MB 47ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 82ms 1.5ms 8.3MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 2.kt 140ms 1.7ms 3.6MB 193ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 140ms 7.2ms 92.4MB 263ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 162ms 16ms 95.6MB 337ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 170ms 1.5ms 3.8MB 213ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 360ms 8.1ms 681.4MB 397ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 965ms 16ms 312.6MB 933ms 33ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1499ms 4.3ms 134.5MB 2283ms 337ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 1744ms 13ms 314.7MB 1880ms 43ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 130ms 2.8ms 208.5MB 157ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 195ms 2.0ms 312.6MB 160ms 27ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 312ms 4.3ms 38.5MB 460ms 70ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 336ms 1.6ms 314.9MB 303ms 27ms dmd 2.110.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 361ms 0.7ms 2.8MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 362ms 1.6ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1n.kt 413ms 3.0ms 2.6MB 403ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 447ms 1.8ms 49.3MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 682ms 2.8ms 4.6MB 670ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2.d 2081ms 79ms 4.5MB 2070ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 39ms 0.4ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 40ms 0.3ms 2.8MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1n.kt 45ms 1.9ms 2.6MB 40ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 73ms 0.3ms 4.5MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 120ms 0.4ms 49.6MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 208ms 2.7ms 4.6MB 200ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2436ms 6.3ms 8.0MB 2400ms 397ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 3753ms 45ms 355.1MB 4627ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4333ms 19ms 10.2MB 4277ms 470ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6320ms 267ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5000ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 584ms 0.8ms 8.0MB 567ms 103ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 983ms 29ms 355.6MB 1763ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1032ms 2.7ms 10.2MB 1003ms 110ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6270ms 273ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5010ms 150ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 579ms 2.6ms 171.8MB 763ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 1297ms 5.8ms 176.9MB 1490ms 20ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.2MB 5393ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 277.0MB 5430ms 493ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 63ms 2.5ms 25.2MB 73ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 138ms 5.5ms 30.5MB 150ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 807ms 4.6ms 134.0MB 1223ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3182ms 11ms 63.1MB 3923ms 17ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3130ms 52ms 233.8MB 4123ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4801ms 21ms 3.9MB 4750ms 373ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.6MB 4963ms 277ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 984ms 32ms 232.4MB 1807ms 57ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1197ms 5.4ms 3.9MB 1177ms 90ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2091ms 14ms 6.6MB 2057ms 127ms dmd 2.110.0