Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

D VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Jun 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 507ms 12ms 574.5MB 603ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1768ms 21ms 312.6MB 1733ms 40ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3074ms 138ms 314.1MB 3237ms 53ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 3832ms 23ms 145.7MB 4013ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 124ms 1.0ms 159.2MB 150ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 166ms 2.1ms 207.9MB 140ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 208ms 3.8ms 17.6MB 217ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 262ms 3.0ms 211.1MB 233ms 20ms dmd 2.111.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1735ms 114ms 233.9MB 6417ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2195ms 28ms 218.9MB 3027ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4274ms 24ms 21.4MB 14387ms 537ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.4MB 4963ms 27ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 4963ms 23ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5507ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 249ms 1.7ms 21.5MB 843ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.8ms 17.4MB 400ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 474ms 14ms 73.5MB 1073ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 923ms 20ms 101.3MB 3240ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1038ms 5.4ms 10.4MB 1020ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1380ms 15ms 12.5MB 1357ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2549ms 1.1ms 8.1MB 2540ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2868ms 1.6ms 10.5MB 2853ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 443ms 0.4ms 8.0MB 430ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 516ms 0.7ms 10.4MB 503ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 389ms 21ms 3.0MB 1423ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 1118ms 4.1ms 3.0MB 4323ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 1486ms 5.4ms 2.9MB 1473ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3121ms 27ms 2.8MB 3110ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 3238ms 0.8ms 2.9MB 3230ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3537ms 4.6ms 4.6MB 3527ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 4471ms 28ms 4.9MB 17507ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d timeout 0.0ms 4.9MB 19737ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 37ms 0.6ms 3.0MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 97ms 1.6ms 3.0MB 347ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 123ms 0.5ms 2.9MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 263ms 1.6ms 2.9MB 250ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 268ms 1.3ms 2.9MB 260ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 297ms 1.3ms 4.6MB 290ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 383ms 15ms 4.9MB 1427ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d 520ms 1.5ms 4.9MB 2007ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d 891ms 4.6ms 4.6MB 883ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d 1382ms 12ms 4.5MB 1373ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 156ms 2.4ms 2.9MB 147ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 647ms 7.8ms 4.8MB 633ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 18ms 0.7ms 2.9MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 67ms 0.5ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.6ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2.0ms 0.2ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 62ms 0.6ms 47.7MB 74ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 58ms 1.9ms 15.6MB 60ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 239ms 2.5ms 22.5MB 243ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 732ms 78ms 157.5MB 1977ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 455ms 7.2ms 139.9MB 420ms 40ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1846ms 49ms 711.3MB 4333ms 173ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 2499ms 7.6ms 158.5MB 2513ms 37ms dmd 2.111.0

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 622ms 16ms 47.8MB 2043ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-m.d 1876ms 46ms 58.6MB 5530ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 86ms 1.1ms 38.8MB 243ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-m.d 227ms 31ms 40.9MB 607ms 67ms dmd 2.111.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 131ms 1.4ms 6.1MB 120ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 2.kt 166ms 3.8ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 187ms 22ms 7.9MB 177ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 195ms 3.4ms 95.1MB 327ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 200ms 3.1ms 102.1MB 437ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 355ms 2.4ms 12.4MB 353ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 317ms 3.3ms 213.3MB 553ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 340ms 3.7ms 203.0MB 463ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 376ms 2.9ms 5.9MB 360ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 2.kt 474ms 2.5ms 12.4MB 500ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 511ms 3.0ms 7.9MB 500ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 1041ms 16ms 12.5MB 1067ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 57ms 1.8ms 6.1MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 79ms 1.5ms 7.9MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 83ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 120ms 0.5ms 12.8MB 110ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 0.0ms 90.8MB 303ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 161ms 4.6ms 96.1MB 343ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 294ms 0.5ms 7.5MB 283ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2134ms 31ms 8.4MB 2123ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 15ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 90ms 1.6ms 4.6MB 80ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 384ms 3.9ms 680.1MB 450ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 946ms 6.7ms 312.4MB 913ms 33ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 1811ms 15ms 89.9MB 1887ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 1816ms 2.0ms 314.1MB 1930ms 47ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 158ms 4.9ms 207.2MB 210ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 201ms 2.2ms 312.5MB 150ms 37ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 255ms 3.0ms 25.3MB 260ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 354ms 4.9ms 315.0MB 323ms 30ms dmd 2.111.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 349ms 0.4ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 360ms 0.7ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 361ms 1.1ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 446ms 2.7ms 49.3MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 678ms 10ms 4.8MB 670ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 2037ms 13ms 4.6MB 2027ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 38ms 0.7ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 39ms 0.3ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 39ms 0.4ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 71ms 1.0ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 0.7ms 49.6MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 210ms 0.8ms 4.6MB 200ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 322ms 14ms 43.5MB 307ms 3ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 352ms 8.5ms 79.3MB 333ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 841ms 2.9ms 47.5MB 820ms 7ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 1167ms 5.5ms 51.5MB 1150ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 64ms 3.8ms 15.6MB 57ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 76ms 3.3ms 25.3MB 67ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 209ms 1.1ms 17.8MB 200ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 293ms 1.8ms 19.8MB 280ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2422ms 6.5ms 7.9MB 2373ms 427ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 3710ms 30ms 353.2MB 4553ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4459ms 11ms 10.5MB 4440ms 447ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.7MB 3983ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5117ms 133ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 586ms 9.4ms 8.0MB 563ms 93ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 975ms 38ms 365.7MB 1740ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1055ms 1.4ms 10.4MB 1050ms 97ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3980ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5123ms 113ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 565ms 7.3ms 171.8MB 743ms 23ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 1197ms 1.1ms 176.5MB 1383ms 27ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5413ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.9MB 5057ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 62ms 0.6ms 26.2MB 70ms 3ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 127ms 1.2ms 31.8MB 140ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 834ms 5.0ms 134.5MB 1307ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3338ms 285ms 51.2MB 3400ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3058ms 62ms 231.8MB 4043ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4793ms 19ms 4.1MB 4750ms 383ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.5MB 4950ms 307ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 964ms 26ms 231.0MB 1823ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1199ms 4.8ms 3.9MB 1180ms 97ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2045ms 6.0ms 6.9MB 2027ms 113ms dmd 2.111.0

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 3595ms 3.6ms 4.0MB 3587ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3642ms 31ms 5.9MB 3633ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 901ms 2.0ms 3.5MB 890ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 930ms 9.2ms 5.4MB 920ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 228ms 0.6ms 3.0MB 220ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 234ms 1.3ms 4.9MB 223ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0