Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

D VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Tue Jul 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 488ms 8.7ms 575.8MB 583ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 2206ms 5.4ms 312.8MB 2170ms 43ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 3040ms 21ms 314.5MB 3210ms 57ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 3941ms 160ms 145.0MB 4120ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 2.9ms 159.3MB 143ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 207ms 3.1ms 207.9MB 183ms 13ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt 210ms 3.5ms 17.7MB 217ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 262ms 1.5ms 210.9MB 233ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 2049ms 224ms 241.0MB 7630ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2241ms 54ms 220.1MB 3060ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4233ms 52ms 21.4MB 14190ms 543ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.5MB 4957ms 30ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.6MB 4963ms 23ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5510ms 20ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 248ms 6.0ms 21.0MB 830ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 388ms 5.4ms 17.4MB 397ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 485ms 16ms 75.0MB 1087ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 854ms 53ms 101.2MB 2957ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1049ms 6.5ms 10.3MB 1020ms 17ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 1387ms 5.6ms 12.1MB 1367ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2551ms 3.5ms 8.0MB 2540ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 2871ms 10ms 10.5MB 2860ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 444ms 2.0ms 8.1MB 437ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 517ms 1.2ms 10.5MB 510ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 373ms 5.6ms 3.1MB 1427ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2-im.d 1114ms 9.3ms 3.0MB 4320ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1-i.d 1488ms 1.7ms 2.9MB 1480ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 3143ms 19ms 2.9MB 3130ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2-i.d 3232ms 3.6ms 2.9MB 3223ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 3544ms 3.7ms 4.6MB 3533ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 4461ms 9.7ms 5.3MB 17560ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.6MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.6MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d timeout 0.0ms 4.9MB 19740ms 20ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 36ms 0.9ms 3.1MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2-im.d 98ms 1.6ms 3.0MB 347ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1-i.d 124ms 0.3ms 2.9MB 120ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 265ms 3.5ms 2.9MB 257ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2-i.d 266ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 260ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 300ms 2.1ms 4.6MB 290ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 402ms 34ms 4.8MB 1410ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d 524ms 3.0ms 4.9MB 2003ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d 887ms 8.9ms 4.5MB 877ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d 1393ms 4.6ms 4.5MB 1383ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 109ms 0.2ms 2.9MB 100ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 641ms 3.8ms 4.9MB 630ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 14ms 1.5ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 68ms 0.9ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.7ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 2.2ms 0.1ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 65ms 2.5ms 47.7MB 76ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 59ms 1.7ms 15.7MB 63ms 7ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 241ms 3.0ms 22.5MB 247ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 848ms 12ms 174.2MB 2307ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 483ms 11ms 140.4MB 450ms 37ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 1778ms 57ms 662.5MB 4197ms 157ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 2474ms 16ms 158.3MB 2490ms 33ms dmd 2.111.0

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 713ms 31ms 47.5MB 2403ms 10ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1-m.d 2035ms 101ms 50.6MB 6757ms 17ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 100ms 4.7ms 39.5MB 263ms 10ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1-m.d 257ms 16ms 41.0MB 737ms 17ms dmd 2.111.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 130ms 1.9ms 5.9MB 120ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 2.kt 173ms 14ms 12.4MB 180ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 178ms 3.2ms 7.9MB 167ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 193ms 3.9ms 94.9MB 320ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 207ms 8.3ms 101.0MB 433ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 359ms 8.0ms 12.5MB 360ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 318ms 3.4ms 212.1MB 533ms 57ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 341ms 3.1ms 202.9MB 460ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 385ms 2.3ms 5.9MB 370ms 17ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 2.kt 475ms 5.0ms 12.4MB 503ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 520ms 2.3ms 7.9MB 513ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 1030ms 1.3ms 12.4MB 1057ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 58ms 1.2ms 5.9MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 79ms 1.3ms 8.1MB 67ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 2.kt 95ms 0.7ms 12.8MB 90ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 0.6ms 12.8MB 117ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 1.1ms 90.5MB 293ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 170ms 13ms 96.5MB 367ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 367ms 0.5ms 7.5MB 360ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 2120ms 5.9ms 9.4MB 2107ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 18ms 0.4ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 93ms 2.8ms 4.9MB 87ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 389ms 8.7ms 680.7MB 447ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1134ms 3.1ms 312.6MB 1097ms 40ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt 1857ms 13ms 89.9MB 1940ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 1870ms 15ms 314.9MB 2007ms 47ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 6.4ms 207.2MB 217ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 232ms 1.5ms 312.8MB 190ms 30ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt 258ms 3.7ms 25.7MB 263ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 361ms 4.2ms 314.8MB 330ms 30ms dmd 2.111.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 351ms 1.9ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 361ms 1.2ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 361ms 0.9ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 2.0ms 49.2MB 487ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 677ms 14ms 4.8MB 667ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 2033ms 5.4ms 4.8MB 2023ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 38ms 0.7ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 39ms 0.6ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 39ms 0.7ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 71ms 1.2ms 4.6MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 118ms 1.1ms 49.4MB 167ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 210ms 1.7ms 4.8MB 200ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 344ms 7.7ms 45.7MB 323ms 7ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 385ms 4.2ms 79.2MB 370ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 854ms 0.6ms 49.7MB 833ms 10ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 1168ms 1.5ms 49.3MB 1150ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 63ms 4.3ms 15.7MB 53ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 78ms 3.7ms 25.3MB 67ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 211ms 1.2ms 17.8MB 200ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 2.d 297ms 1.9ms 19.7MB 280ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2454ms 24ms 8.0MB 2420ms 417ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1.kt 3717ms 19ms 358.9MB 4580ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4480ms 3.9ms 10.5MB 4400ms 500ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.9MB 3970ms 1520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 587ms 3.4ms 8.1MB 567ms 103ms ldc2 1.41.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 983ms 36ms 353.7MB 1773ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1068ms 6.3ms 10.4MB 1033ms 127ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 27.0MB 4003ms 1517ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.4MB 5110ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 584ms 5.1ms 172.3MB 770ms 20ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 3.d 1204ms 8.1ms 177.4MB 1390ms 27ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.4MB 5410ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5063ms 120ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 63ms 1.5ms 28.5MB 70ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 3.d 126ms 0.1ms 31.6MB 133ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 841ms 4.2ms 134.6MB 1283ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3213ms 39ms 51.1MB 3283ms 77ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3074ms 30ms 231.8MB 4047ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4780ms 18ms 4.1MB 4747ms 363ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.5MB 4950ms 303ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 987ms 13ms 231.9MB 1760ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1200ms 1.8ms 3.9MB 1177ms 93ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 2059ms 9.1ms 6.5MB 2030ms 123ms dmd 2.111.0

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 3599ms 3.4ms 4.0MB 3590ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 3649ms 20ms 5.9MB 3640ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 903ms 2.0ms 3.5MB 893ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 917ms 3.9ms 5.3MB 907ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 229ms 1.7ms 3.1MB 220ms 0ms ldc2 1.41.0
d 1.d 233ms 0.2ms 5.0MB 220ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0