Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

D VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon Apr 14 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 513ms 4.4ms 577.8MB 603ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1781ms 9.7ms 312.7MB 1753ms 37ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3029ms 5.2ms 314.9MB 3207ms 50ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 4515ms 38ms 146.1MB 4703ms 67ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 126ms 1.8ms 161.2MB 150ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 162ms 2.9ms 209.9MB 137ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 261ms 2.3ms 212.1MB 237ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 318ms 32ms 17.9MB 327ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 2184ms 180ms 244.6MB 8133ms 130ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2217ms 57ms 220.3MB 3067ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4498ms 30ms 21.5MB 14707ms 610ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 17.8MB 4970ms 20ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.5MB 4967ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5523ms 30ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 253ms 6.4ms 21.3MB 847ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 409ms 11ms 17.4MB 420ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 492ms 12ms 77.2MB 1140ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 969ms 186ms 109.2MB 3360ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1031ms 1.4ms 12.2MB 1010ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1364ms 12ms 12.1MB 1343ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2553ms 3.2ms 8.1MB 2543ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2873ms 4.6ms 10.4MB 2857ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 442ms 1.1ms 8.0MB 430ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 523ms 2.9ms 10.4MB 513ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 375ms 7.3ms 3.0MB 1420ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 1128ms 21ms 2.9MB 4313ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 1484ms 0.3ms 2.8MB 1470ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3120ms 15ms 2.9MB 3110ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 3240ms 3.2ms 2.9MB 3230ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3532ms 4.1ms 4.6MB 3523ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 4474ms 19ms 4.9MB 17573ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.6MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d timeout 0.0ms 4.9MB 19740ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 38ms 0.5ms 3.0MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 99ms 2.1ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 124ms 0.3ms 2.9MB 117ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 262ms 1.9ms 2.9MB 253ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 268ms 0.7ms 2.9MB 260ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 295ms 1.1ms 4.6MB 287ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 375ms 3.7ms 4.8MB 1433ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d 528ms 7.3ms 4.9MB 2010ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d 893ms 3.1ms 4.5MB 883ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d 1384ms 18ms 4.6MB 1373ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 156ms 2.3ms 2.9MB 147ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 640ms 0.8ms 4.6MB 630ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 19ms 0.4ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 68ms 1.3ms 4.9MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.6ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2.1ms 0.2ms 5.0MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 2.1ms 0.1ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 67ms 2.3ms 47.7MB 82ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 57ms 0.1ms 15.8MB 63ms 7ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 238ms 0.7ms 22.5MB 243ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 773ms 88ms 172.2MB 2063ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 465ms 6.7ms 141.8MB 433ms 37ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1862ms 58ms 671.6MB 4417ms 173ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 2485ms 13ms 158.9MB 2507ms 27ms dmd 2.111.0

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 653ms 20ms 47.2MB 2180ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-m.d 1844ms 52ms 49.5MB 5630ms 17ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 90ms 7.2ms 39.9MB 250ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-m.d 211ms 8.5ms 40.0MB 597ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 130ms 0.8ms 5.9MB 120ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 2.kt 171ms 2.7ms 12.4MB 173ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 174ms 1.5ms 7.9MB 163ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 200ms 3.0ms 96.7MB 333ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 212ms 8.2ms 105.3MB 453ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 357ms 2.2ms 12.5MB 363ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 325ms 2.7ms 215.9MB 557ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 344ms 2.7ms 204.8MB 463ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 375ms 0.8ms 5.9MB 360ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 2.kt 476ms 6.0ms 12.6MB 507ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 1.d 512ms 3.5ms 7.9MB 503ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 1043ms 15ms 12.6MB 1080ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 57ms 0.3ms 5.9MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 79ms 0.5ms 8.2MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.7ms 12.8MB 87ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 2.7ms 12.9MB 117ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 1.4ms 92.7MB 320ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 167ms 2.2ms 98.3MB 350ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 295ms 0.4ms 7.1MB 280ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2305ms 325ms 9.0MB 2293ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 15ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 102ms 16ms 4.5MB 93ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 391ms 4.1ms 682.5MB 453ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 993ms 10ms 312.6MB 957ms 40ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1872ms 32ms 315.0MB 2010ms 43ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 2170ms 19ms 88.8MB 2273ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 163ms 0.8ms 209.4MB 213ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 201ms 1.6ms 312.6MB 163ms 27ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 361ms 8.8ms 315.1MB 330ms 27ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt 426ms 7.1ms 25.7MB 437ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 352ms 1.7ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 2.d 361ms 0.8ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 362ms 1.7ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 448ms 1.3ms 49.3MB 493ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 689ms 3.9ms 4.6MB 680ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 2028ms 2.4ms 4.8MB 2020ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 39ms 0.4ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.9ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
d 2.d 39ms 0.5ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 71ms 0.7ms 4.6MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 126ms 3.5ms 49.4MB 173ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 207ms 2.0ms 4.8MB 200ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 349ms 1.2ms 77.3MB 337ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1.d 353ms 6.9ms 42.9MB 337ms 3ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 844ms 2.0ms 49.1MB 827ms 3ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 1166ms 3.1ms 51.0MB 1150ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 61ms 0.8ms 15.0MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 74ms 1.5ms 27.2MB 63ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 208ms 1.8ms 14.9MB 197ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 292ms 0.6ms 18.9MB 280ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2442ms 0.9ms 8.1MB 2387ms 437ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 3792ms 49ms 385.9MB 4713ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4423ms 16ms 10.5MB 4377ms 467ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 27.0MB 4077ms 1520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.4MB 5163ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 586ms 1.5ms 8.0MB 577ms 93ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 992ms 27ms 355.5MB 1823ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1052ms 4.2ms 10.4MB 1030ms 117ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 4110ms 1483ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5130ms 163ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 577ms 2.8ms 182.2MB 760ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 1203ms 2.2ms 176.9MB 1397ms 20ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.6MB 5427ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5100ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 64ms 0.4ms 27.5MB 70ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 128ms 3.1ms 30.8MB 133ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 856ms 18ms 134.4MB 1317ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3255ms 36ms 51.1MB 3353ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3093ms 47ms 230.3MB 3913ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4811ms 39ms 3.9MB 4750ms 393ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.5MB 4747ms 507ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1029ms 38ms 233.4MB 1937ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1205ms 2.4ms 3.9MB 1177ms 100ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2107ms 4.5ms 6.5MB 2067ms 133ms dmd 2.111.0

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 3597ms 3.3ms 3.9MB 3583ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3641ms 25ms 6.0MB 3633ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 902ms 0.9ms 3.5MB 890ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 928ms 5.7ms 5.3MB 917ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 230ms 0.6ms 3.0MB 220ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 234ms 2.3ms 5.0MB 223ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0