Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

D VS Crystal benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Thu May 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1235ms 5.9ms 64.2MB 1210ms 10ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 1779ms 14ms 312.5MB 1757ms 30ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3014ms 3.4ms 315.0MB 3180ms 50ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 107ms 1.5ms 11.0MB 93ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 164ms 0.4ms 207.9MB 130ms 20ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 263ms 2.3ms 210.0MB 230ms 20ms dmd 2.111.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1514ms 13ms 19.9MB 1450ms 53ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 17.8MB 4967ms 20ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.9MB 4967ms 20ms ldc2 1.40.1

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 85ms 1.3ms 7.1MB 63ms 10ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 1032ms 3.6ms 12.3MB 1013ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1375ms 5.4ms 12.2MB 1357ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 57ms 0.6ms 6.4MB 40ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 2553ms 5.1ms 8.1MB 2537ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2867ms 3.5ms 10.5MB 2853ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 23ms 1.1ms 5.1MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 442ms 1.8ms 8.1MB 430ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 519ms 3.3ms 10.4MB 510ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 391ms 24ms 3.0MB 1430ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 1113ms 7.1ms 3.0MB 4320ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 1485ms 0.7ms 2.8MB 1480ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 2480ms 8.8ms 2.9MB 2470ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 3141ms 18ms 2.9MB 3133ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 3237ms 0.6ms 2.9MB 3230ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3539ms 9.8ms 4.6MB 3530ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 4480ms 46ms 4.9MB 17513ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.6MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d timeout 0.0ms 4.9MB 19827ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 37ms 0.7ms 3.1MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 97ms 0.9ms 3.0MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 123ms 0.4ms 2.8MB 117ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 206ms 3.4ms 2.9MB 197ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 2-i.d 268ms 1.4ms 2.9MB 260ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 270ms 16ms 2.9MB 260ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 299ms 2.2ms 4.6MB 290ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-im.d 378ms 3.7ms 4.8MB 1427ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-im.d 547ms 15ms 4.9MB 2003ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 1-i.d 898ms 12ms 4.5MB 887ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2-i.d 1375ms 11ms 4.5MB 1363ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 155ms 1.8ms 2.9MB 143ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 2.cr 550ms 2.8ms 3.5MB 447ms 90ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 641ms 1.0ms 4.8MB 630ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 694ms 0.9ms 14.6MB 577ms 103ms crystal 1.16.2

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 18ms 1.4ms 2.9MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 2.cr 58ms 0.8ms 3.6MB 40ms 3ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 68ms 1.6ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 75ms 0.4ms 4.9MB 50ms 10ms crystal 1.16.2

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.6ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 1.9ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 2.0ms 0.2ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 56ms 0.3ms 15.6MB 60ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 243ms 1.7ms 22.5MB 243ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 451ms 1.3ms 139.8MB 410ms 47ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 2563ms 1.7ms 158.3MB 2573ms 43ms dmd 2.111.0

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 663ms 47ms 56.3MB 2020ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-m.d 1909ms 21ms 50.0MB 5543ms 10ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 83ms 2.5ms 37.4MB 237ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-m.d 203ms 17ms 41.7MB 617ms 17ms dmd 2.111.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 37ms 0.6ms 3.0MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
crystal 1.cr 65ms 1.4ms 3.0MB 57ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 129ms 1.7ms 6.1MB 120ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 175ms 2.3ms 8.1MB 167ms 3ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 99ms 0.9ms 3.0MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
crystal 1.cr 187ms 2.0ms 3.0MB 180ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 378ms 3.3ms 5.9MB 367ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 511ms 1.5ms 7.9MB 497ms 13ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 17ms 0.3ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
crystal 1.cr 30ms 1.3ms 3.0MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 57ms 1.9ms 6.1MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 78ms 1.6ms 8.2MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 295ms 0.4ms 6.7MB 283ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 314ms 1.1ms 9.3MB 300ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 2114ms 7.3ms 9.3MB 2103ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 15ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 1.cr 17ms 0.4ms 5.6MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 94ms 0.8ms 5.0MB 87ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 846ms 6.4ms 64.2MB 823ms 10ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 967ms 3.5ms 312.8MB 940ms 33ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1868ms 4.0ms 314.4MB 1990ms 47ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 175ms 0.8ms 22.2MB 160ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 204ms 1.2ms 312.5MB 170ms 27ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 363ms 1.3ms 314.8MB 330ms 30ms dmd 2.111.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 343ms 0.7ms 3.3MB 330ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
crystal 2.cr 344ms 2.9ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 362ms 1.3ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 362ms 0.9ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 680ms 3.0ms 4.8MB 670ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 2030ms 3.5ms 4.8MB 2023ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 37ms 0.5ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.1ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 2.d 38ms 0.3ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 39ms 0.3ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 72ms 0.8ms 4.8MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
d 2.d 207ms 0.5ms 4.6MB 200ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 310ms 2.0ms 43.5MB 293ms 3ms ldc2 1.40.1
crystal 2.cr 348ms 4.1ms 8.3MB 340ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 360ms 4.2ms 79.3MB 343ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 427ms 4.1ms 43.0MB 413ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 2.d 843ms 1.6ms 47.5MB 827ms 3ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 1170ms 1.5ms 51.5MB 1150ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 63ms 3.5ms 15.7MB 53ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 75ms 2.1ms 25.5MB 63ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 2.cr 88ms 2.4ms 4.5MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
crystal 1.cr 89ms 0.3ms 13.2MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 2.d 208ms 1.4ms 17.7MB 200ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 292ms 0.9ms 19.9MB 280ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1973ms 67ms 6.3MB 1947ms 17ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 2424ms 9.2ms 8.2MB 2347ms 457ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 4427ms 6.8ms 10.4MB 4383ms 480ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 457ms 15ms 5.1MB 443ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2
d 1.d 583ms 2.0ms 8.0MB 550ms 120ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1050ms 5.7ms 10.4MB 1037ms 110ms dmd 2.111.0

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 577ms 8.3ms 170.0MB 757ms 23ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 1199ms 3.1ms 175.2MB 1383ms 27ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 62ms 0.6ms 26.0MB 70ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 128ms 3.2ms 31.4MB 137ms 7ms dmd 2.111.0

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 4796ms 12ms 4.1MB 4743ms 397ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.6MB 4980ms 280ms dmd 2.111.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1201ms 3.7ms 4.0MB 1177ms 100ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2057ms 8.9ms 6.5MB 2023ms 133ms dmd 2.111.0

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 3595ms 8.5ms 4.0MB 3583ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3629ms 18ms 6.3MB 3620ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 3764ms 9.2ms 4.6MB 3750ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 901ms 1.9ms 3.5MB 890ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 923ms 7.1ms 5.3MB 913ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 950ms 8.9ms 4.4MB 940ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 228ms 0.9ms 3.1MB 220ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 233ms 1.4ms 4.9MB 220ms 0ms dmd 2.111.0
crystal 1.cr 241ms 2.8ms 3.9MB 230ms 0ms crystal 1.16.2