Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

D VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sat Nov 16 2024, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 475ms 17ms 579.4MB 547ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1714ms 10ms 312.4MB 1680ms 40ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 2690ms 19ms 314.8MB 2890ms 27ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 3085ms 72ms 252.5MB 5140ms 680ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 102ms 2.5ms 160.0MB 107ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 161ms 4.1ms 209.0MB 127ms 20ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 233ms 2.4ms 210.6MB 207ms 10ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 266ms 3.6ms 32.5MB 413ms 67ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1840ms 308ms 239.6MB 6827ms 123ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2169ms 43ms 219.8MB 3023ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.5MB 4957ms 33ms dmd 2.109.1
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 14.8MB 4950ms 30ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 14.7MB 6043ms 460ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 73.0MB 19093ms 107ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 395ms 5.2ms 34.8MB 1433ms 40ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 464ms 3.6ms 73.7MB 1043ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 674ms 5.0ms 10.9MB 807ms 53ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 883ms 143ms 98.4MB 3080ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1049ms 8.0ms 8.4MB 1023ms 10ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 1313ms 9.7ms 10.8MB 1290ms 13ms dmd 2.109.1

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2539ms 2.5ms 8.1MB 2530ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 2922ms 4.0ms 10.3MB 2913ms 3ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 441ms 1.2ms 7.9MB 430ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 535ms 5.9ms 10.1MB 523ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 393ms 36ms 5.1MB 1413ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2-im.d 1136ms 27ms 5.1MB 4287ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1-i.d 1481ms 0.7ms 2.8MB 1467ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 3136ms 26ms 2.8MB 3123ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2-i.d 3223ms 4.8ms 2.8MB 3210ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 3502ms 2.1ms 4.6MB 3490ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 1-im.d 4227ms 47ms 8.7MB 16457ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 1-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 2-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.6MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 2-im.d timeout 0.0ms 6.8MB 19710ms 10ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 40ms 2.1ms 4.9MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2-im.d 100ms 1.6ms 5.1MB 343ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1-i.d 124ms 0.3ms 2.8MB 117ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 264ms 4.4ms 2.8MB 253ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2-i.d 267ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 253ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 296ms 2.1ms 4.6MB 287ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 1-im.d 355ms 4.0ms 6.9MB 1340ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 2-im.d 531ms 2.2ms 8.8MB 1990ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 1-i.d 863ms 34ms 4.5MB 853ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 2-i.d 1415ms 9.9ms 4.5MB 1403ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 196ms 1.6ms 31.9MB 177ms 3ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 623ms 3.2ms 48.0MB 607ms 10ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 24ms 0.6ms 7.3MB 17ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 66ms 0.7ms 12.2MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.7ms 0.2ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1.kt 2.3ms 0.2ms 4.7MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 2.3ms 0.3ms 5.1MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1.kt 55ms 4.0ms 47.5MB 58ms 14ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 3.6ms 6.2ms 18.1MB 355ms 765ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 1033ms 0.9ms 22.7MB 413ms 777ms dmd 2.109.1
d 2.d 1035ms 0.6ms 25.0MB 443ms 757ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 2-m.kt 4705ms 97ms 372.4MB 14620ms 2427ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d timeout 0.0ms 22.1MB 333ms 780ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 382.6MB 16320ms 2680ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 338ms 585ms 22.0MB 50ms 140ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 1015ms 0.5ms 20.1MB 67ms 127ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2.d 1015ms 0.4ms 24.4MB 77ms 133ms dmd 2.109.1
d 1.d 1015ms 0.5ms 24.6MB 63ms 140ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 2187ms 374ms 258.9MB 6430ms 637ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2195ms 62ms 249.1MB 5710ms 610ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2-m.d 71ms 21ms 15.5MB 70ms 50ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2.d 241ms 1.1ms 22.6MB 240ms 10ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 893ms 18ms 206.2MB 2427ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 472ms 2.3ms 139.9MB 443ms 33ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 2296ms 21ms 773.1MB 4957ms 173ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 2492ms 4.3ms 157.1MB 2493ms 43ms dmd 2.109.1

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 793ms 57ms 51.9MB 2410ms 20ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1-m.d 1878ms 30ms 54.8MB 5587ms 17ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 99ms 1.8ms 42.1MB 253ms 13ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1-m.d 203ms 2.6ms 45.9MB 587ms 13ms dmd 2.109.1

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 125ms 0.3ms 6.1MB 117ms 3ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 179ms 2.4ms 96.4MB 293ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 185ms 10ms 7.9MB 157ms 33ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 2-m.kt 193ms 1.1ms 103.4MB 407ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 304ms 3.0ms 7.9MB 427ms 13ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 515ms 18ms 7.8MB 623ms 3ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 304ms 11ms 212.8MB 533ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 325ms 2.9ms 202.8MB 440ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 364ms 6.3ms 4.0MB 350ms 23ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 539ms 17ms 8.1MB 520ms 53ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 2.kt 898ms 0.8ms 7.8MB 1297ms 43ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 1591ms 14ms 7.9MB 1973ms 20ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 55ms 1.7ms 5.9MB 43ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 79ms 0.9ms 8.2MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 140ms 3.1ms 90.2MB 267ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 142ms 3.9ms 5.7MB 200ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 154ms 12ms 98.0MB 293ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 170ms 6.0ms 5.7MB 210ms 3ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 409ms 4.3ms 7.5MB 397ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 2324ms 373ms 9.3MB 2313ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 20ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 92ms 1.5ms 4.5MB 80ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 350ms 2.1ms 679.4MB 383ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 979ms 4.8ms 312.5MB 940ms 40ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 1501ms 11ms 136.5MB 2307ms 327ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 1748ms 19ms 314.9MB 1883ms 40ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 127ms 2.6ms 206.6MB 150ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 210ms 2.2ms 312.6MB 163ms 33ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 314ms 24ms 40.5MB 453ms 73ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 343ms 1.4ms 314.5MB 313ms 23ms dmd 2.109.1

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 361ms 0.5ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 361ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1n.kt 407ms 3.5ms 4.6MB 397ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 2.0ms 49.1MB 483ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 680ms 2.2ms 4.6MB 670ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 2.d 2009ms 2.2ms 4.6MB 2000ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 39ms 0.5ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2.d 39ms 0.7ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1n.kt 45ms 1.6ms 4.6MB 33ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 71ms 0.9ms 4.8MB 63ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1.kt 118ms 1.0ms 49.6MB 160ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 203ms 0.2ms 4.6MB 190ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 315ms 2.3ms 77.1MB 300ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 1.d 352ms 4.4ms 43.7MB 333ms 3ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2.d 821ms 4.2ms 47.5MB 800ms 10ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2.d 1162ms 1.7ms 49.3MB 1143ms 3ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 61ms 1.8ms 13.5MB 43ms 3ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 66ms 0.8ms 24.1MB 57ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1
d 2.d 203ms 0.8ms 15.7MB 190ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 2.d 291ms 1.3ms 17.6MB 277ms 3ms dmd 2.109.1

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2410ms 8.4ms 8.0MB 2367ms 387ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1.kt 3780ms 66ms 353.7MB 4587ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4352ms 6.4ms 10.1MB 4243ms 487ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 7.6MB 6390ms 297ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 8.2MB 4990ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 578ms 1.6ms 8.1MB 557ms 93ms ldc2 1.39.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 992ms 31ms 352.8MB 1700ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1041ms 11ms 10.2MB 1027ms 113ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 7.3MB 6427ms 263ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 8.2MB 5007ms 150ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 614ms 6.0ms 171.9MB 793ms 23ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 3.d 1345ms 56ms 174.6MB 1557ms 23ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.4MB 5383ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 279.0MB 5193ms 690ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 71ms 3.4ms 25.9MB 83ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 3.d 145ms 6.4ms 26.5MB 153ms 7ms dmd 2.109.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 816ms 17ms 133.5MB 1237ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3103ms 11ms 67.1MB 3820ms 7ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3097ms 63ms 230.9MB 3970ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4798ms 38ms 3.9MB 4770ms 327ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.6MB 5013ms 217ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 971ms 46ms 231.8MB 1847ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1207ms 7.1ms 4.0MB 1160ms 110ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 2023ms 38ms 6.4MB 1990ms 113ms dmd 2.109.1

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 3584ms 9.1ms 4.1MB 3570ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 3665ms 31ms 5.9MB 3653ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 902ms 0.5ms 3.5MB 890ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 911ms 2.1ms 5.8MB 900ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 227ms 0.4ms 3.0MB 220ms 0ms ldc2 1.39.0
d 1.d 235ms 1.0ms 4.9MB 220ms 0ms dmd 2.109.1