Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

D VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon Mar 31 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 474ms 2.2ms 577.6MB 567ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1796ms 23ms 312.6MB 1763ms 37ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2658ms 12ms 314.7MB 2843ms 40ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 3074ms 28ms 246.4MB 5113ms 703ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 100ms 0.6ms 160.2MB 110ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 163ms 2.1ms 209.9MB 137ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 229ms 3.0ms 212.0MB 200ms 10ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 267ms 2.6ms 28.5MB 427ms 57ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1924ms 65ms 240.6MB 7167ms 113ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2164ms 23ms 222.7MB 2980ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 18.0MB 4970ms 17ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 16.5MB 4967ms 20ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 12.7MB 6027ms 467ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 53.1MB 19010ms 150ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 433ms 6.8ms 12.8MB 1593ms 23ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 480ms 14ms 77.5MB 1110ms 53ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 685ms 0.7ms 8.8MB 813ms 63ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 926ms 49ms 105.6MB 3263ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1026ms 5.0ms 12.3MB 1000ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 1314ms 5.4ms 14.5MB 1293ms 10ms dmd 2.110.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2552ms 5.3ms 8.1MB 2543ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2909ms 4.5ms 10.2MB 2897ms 3ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 451ms 9.4ms 8.1MB 440ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 527ms 1.2ms 10.2MB 517ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 372ms 5.7ms 3.0MB 1427ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 1115ms 14ms 3.0MB 4320ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 1491ms 12ms 2.9MB 1487ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3113ms 20ms 2.9MB 3103ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 3238ms 3.0ms 2.9MB 3230ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3557ms 6.9ms 4.6MB 3543ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1-im.d 4492ms 39ms 5.0MB 17530ms 3ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.5MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2-i.d timeout 0.0ms 4.6MB 4990ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2-im.d timeout 0.0ms 4.9MB 19687ms 13ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-im.d 36ms 1.2ms 3.0MB 110ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-im.d 99ms 0.8ms 3.0MB 347ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-i.d 124ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 113ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 262ms 1.2ms 2.9MB 253ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2-i.d 267ms 0.6ms 2.9MB 260ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 298ms 3.0ms 4.6MB 290ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1-im.d 375ms 1.8ms 5.0MB 1437ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2-im.d 524ms 1.1ms 4.6MB 2003ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 1-i.d 853ms 9.4ms 4.5MB 840ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2-i.d 1364ms 20ms 4.8MB 1357ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 193ms 1.0ms 49.2MB 180ms 3ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 624ms 3.3ms 49.1MB 613ms 3ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 24ms 0.4ms 11.1MB 17ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 67ms 0.6ms 13.1MB 60ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 1.8ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 2.0ms 0.2ms 2.5MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 2.2ms 0.3ms 5.0MB 0ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1.kt 56ms 5.4ms 47.2MB 50ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 58ms 0.8ms 15.7MB 60ms 10ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 238ms 1.6ms 22.5MB 243ms 7ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 806ms 107ms 204.8MB 2167ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 451ms 1.8ms 141.8MB 430ms 23ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 2329ms 35ms 828.1MB 5040ms 157ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 2467ms 2.2ms 158.8MB 2483ms 27ms dmd 2.110.0

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 671ms 8.6ms 47.3MB 2010ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-m.d 1945ms 21ms 49.5MB 5917ms 17ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1-m.d 86ms 1.5ms 39.7MB 243ms 7ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1-m.d 210ms 11ms 41.1MB 620ms 7ms dmd 2.110.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 129ms 1.6ms 5.9MB 120ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 176ms 0.6ms 7.8MB 167ms 3ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 181ms 3.8ms 96.7MB 300ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 197ms 1.3ms 103.5MB 420ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 299ms 2.1ms 5.8MB 420ms 10ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 515ms 4.2ms 5.9MB 613ms 10ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 311ms 8.5ms 212.5MB 533ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 343ms 9.7ms 204.4MB 443ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 375ms 1.9ms 5.9MB 363ms 13ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 513ms 1.8ms 7.8MB 497ms 17ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 2.kt 893ms 4.3ms 5.8MB 1280ms 50ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 1545ms 11ms 5.8MB 1860ms 23ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 57ms 0.4ms 5.9MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 79ms 1.4ms 8.2MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 138ms 2.2ms 92.7MB 273ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 140ms 1.1ms 3.6MB 193ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 166ms 21ms 95.2MB 347ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 171ms 1.1ms 3.8MB 210ms 3ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 294ms 0.6ms 7.1MB 280ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2187ms 34ms 9.0MB 2173ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 15ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 96ms 6.0ms 4.6MB 83ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 351ms 4.3ms 679.4MB 377ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 962ms 3.8ms 312.7MB 933ms 30ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1499ms 16ms 134.5MB 2310ms 327ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 1727ms 3.9ms 314.7MB 1863ms 40ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 129ms 2.5ms 208.5MB 153ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 194ms 1.6ms 312.6MB 160ms 20ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 310ms 3.8ms 38.6MB 453ms 67ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 334ms 0.6ms 314.7MB 303ms 23ms dmd 2.110.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 361ms 1.4ms 2.9MB 350ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 364ms 3.8ms 2.9MB 353ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1n.kt 406ms 0.5ms 2.5MB 397ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 445ms 1.6ms 49.5MB 487ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 684ms 1.4ms 4.6MB 673ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2.d 2033ms 2.7ms 4.6MB 2023ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 2.d 38ms 0.3ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 39ms 0.2ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1n.kt 47ms 1.9ms 2.5MB 40ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
d 1.d 80ms 15ms 4.6MB 70ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 0.0ms 49.6MB 163ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 2.d 207ms 1.5ms 4.6MB 193ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 288ms 1.2ms 45.1MB 277ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 360ms 0.3ms 77.3MB 340ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2.d 842ms 0.8ms 49.1MB 823ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 1165ms 0.8ms 48.7MB 1150ms 7ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 59ms 1.2ms 12.9MB 50ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 76ms 0.3ms 27.2MB 67ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
d 2.d 207ms 0.4ms 17.0MB 193ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 2.d 293ms 2.4ms 19.0MB 280ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 2429ms 4.7ms 8.1MB 2357ms 440ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1.kt 3686ms 7.3ms 354.4MB 4587ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4342ms 20ms 10.2MB 4310ms 447ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6277ms 270ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.2MB 5017ms 143ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 578ms 1.1ms 8.0MB 553ms 100ms ldc2 1.40.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1008ms 11ms 355.1MB 1733ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1026ms 2.5ms 10.2MB 990ms 123ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.4MB 6273ms 273ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5003ms 160ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 577ms 2.9ms 171.9MB 760ms 17ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 1297ms 1.7ms 172.8MB 1497ms 13ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.1MB 5397ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 277.0MB 5010ms 877ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 3.d 64ms 4.3ms 25.1MB 77ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 3.d 137ms 3.3ms 30.4MB 150ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 812ms 1.6ms 133.5MB 1233ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3187ms 38ms 63.0MB 3923ms 17ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3092ms 51ms 235.3MB 4100ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 4833ms 87ms 4.3MB 4803ms 357ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d timeout 0.0ms 6.4MB 4937ms 307ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 978ms 29ms 233.2MB 1787ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21
d 1.d 1201ms 6.5ms 4.0MB 1190ms 83ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 2084ms 6.8ms 6.6MB 2040ms 137ms dmd 2.110.0

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 3594ms 3.1ms 3.9MB 3583ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 3637ms 18ms 8.3MB 3630ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 901ms 0.5ms 3.4MB 890ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 923ms 4.7ms 5.3MB 913ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
d 1.d 228ms 0.9ms 3.1MB 220ms 0ms ldc2 1.40.1
d 1.d 233ms 1.6ms 4.9MB 223ms 0ms dmd 2.110.0