Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Rust VS Crystal benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Jul 13 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1.2ms 0.0ms 1.8MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 1.2ms 0.1ms 1.9MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
crystal 1.cr 1.9ms 0.2ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 9.rs 256ms 15ms 4.8MB 250ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 8.rs 293ms 1.0ms 4.8MB 283ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 316ms 2.0ms 9.3MB 303ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 9.rs 13ms 0.6ms 2.0MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 8.rs 15ms 0.3ms 1.8MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 17ms 0.1ms 5.8MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 164ms 0.5ms 1.8MB 160ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 7-i.rs 219ms 0.6ms 1.8MB 210ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 229ms 0.2ms 1.8MB 220ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 279ms 0.6ms 1.9MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 279ms 0.4ms 1.8MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 343ms 3.1ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 347ms 1.5ms 3.3MB 337ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 19ms 0.1ms 1.8MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 7-i.rs 24ms 0.3ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 25ms 0.4ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 30ms 0.2ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 30ms 0.3ms 1.6MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 37ms 0.6ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 2.cr 38ms 0.9ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7-m.rs 493ms 0.6ms 2.1MB 1910ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8-m.rs 494ms 0.2ms 2.5MB 1907ms 3ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 8.rs 992ms 1.9ms 2.4MB 983ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 7.rs 1924ms 0.5ms 1.9MB 1913ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 2071ms 4.3ms 2.4MB 8133ms 3ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 3757ms 13ms 4.5MB 3747ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 2.rs 4270ms 7.1ms 2.0MB 4260ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7-m.rs 127ms 0.2ms 2.3MB 470ms 3ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8-m.rs 128ms 0.3ms 2.3MB 470ms 7ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 8.rs 250ms 0.4ms 2.1MB 240ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 7.rs 488ms 5.6ms 1.8MB 480ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 521ms 0.5ms 2.1MB 2013ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 948ms 9.2ms 4.4MB 937ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 2.rs 1069ms 2.0ms 1.9MB 1060ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 8-m.rs 36ms 0.6ms 2.3MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 7-m.rs 36ms 0.0ms 2.1MB 113ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8.rs 65ms 0.6ms 1.9MB 60ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 7.rs 127ms 1.7ms 1.8MB 120ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 134ms 0.2ms 2.1MB 500ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 238ms 1.0ms 3.9MB 230ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 2.rs 270ms 1.7ms 1.9MB 260ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1241ms 14ms 64.2MB 1213ms 13ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 4.rs 1277ms 6.1ms 33.6MB 1253ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5.rs 1404ms 46ms 33.8MB 1380ms 7ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 1431ms 12ms 49.8MB 1400ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 105ms 3.7ms 11.0MB 93ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 4.rs 122ms 2.6ms 5.6MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5.rs 128ms 3.1ms 5.8MB 120ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 137ms 3.2ms 7.8MB 127ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-m.rs 523ms 7.7ms 9.3MB 1967ms 70ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 659ms 26ms 5.5MB 2517ms 60ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 963ms 0.9ms 7.4MB 3583ms 203ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 1118ms 22ms 9.3MB 1080ms 23ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 1511ms 17ms 19.9MB 1450ms 47ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 4.rs 1905ms 35ms 6.9MB 1890ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-m.rs 54ms 1.9ms 3.3MB 160ms 17ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3-m.rs 58ms 2.6ms 4.3MB 180ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 74ms 0.3ms 3.6MB 243ms 20ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 75ms 0.3ms 4.0MB 60ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 86ms 1.4ms 7.1MB 63ms 13ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 4.rs 114ms 1.1ms 3.3MB 107ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 59ms 1.2ms 7.6MB 40ms 3ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 1.rs 124ms 0.9ms 3.6MB 113ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 421ms 1.5ms 3.6MB 410ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 23ms 0.9ms 5.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 1.rs 35ms 1.0ms 2.9MB 30ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 77ms 1.2ms 3.0MB 70ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-im.rs 408ms 2.7ms 2.1MB 1570ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 555ms 5.1ms 2.0MB 2160ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-im.rs 672ms 12ms 2.0MB 2567ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 941ms 5.9ms 2.1MB 3617ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3-i.rs 1506ms 1.0ms 1.9MB 1500ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-i.rs 2400ms 1.3ms 1.8MB 2390ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 2476ms 14ms 2.9MB 2467ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 1.rs 2723ms 24ms 1.8MB 2713ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-im.rs 37ms 0.3ms 2.0MB 120ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 52ms 0.9ms 2.1MB 170ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-im.rs 60ms 1.0ms 2.1MB 203ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 81ms 1.2ms 2.1MB 290ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3-i.rs 126ms 0.1ms 1.9MB 120ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-i.rs 198ms 0.3ms 1.8MB 190ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 205ms 3.2ms 2.9MB 197ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 1.rs 229ms 1.4ms 1.8MB 220ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 6.rs 90ms 1.0ms 1.9MB 80ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5c-m.rs 90ms 0.3ms 3.4MB 260ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 91ms 0.4ms 3.2MB 273ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1c.rs 161ms 0.2ms 1.9MB 150ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 195ms 1.3ms 1.9MB 183ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 534ms 3.4ms 3.6MB 443ms 73ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 676ms 1.2ms 14.6MB 570ms 93ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 6.rs 11ms 0.4ms 1.9MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5c-m.rs 15ms 0.6ms 3.4MB 23ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 16ms 0.4ms 3.2MB 27ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1c.rs 19ms 0.4ms 1.9MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 22ms 0.5ms 1.9MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 57ms 1.2ms 3.5MB 40ms 3ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 73ms 2.0ms 4.4MB 57ms 3ms crystal 1.16.3

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 220ms 21ms 85.8MB 170ms 467ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-http2.rs 263ms 26ms 49.4MB 510ms 327ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 411ms 72ms 74.4MB 243ms 833ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-http2.rs 439ms 155ms 61.3MB 1027ms 487ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 1888ms 247ms 299.0MB 317ms 443ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 44ms 5.0ms 18.6MB 17ms 63ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 90ms 10.0ms 23.8MB 40ms 187ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-http2.rs 203ms 65ms 26.3MB 517ms 177ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-http2.rs 213ms 38ms 23.9MB 540ms 187ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 1291ms 23ms 53.0MB 33ms 70ms crystal 1.16.3

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 29ms 0.7ms 9.8MB 17ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 4-i.rs 32ms 1.7ms 7.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 62ms 1.2ms 32.0MB 40ms 7ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 62ms 0.6ms 33.8MB 40ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 107ms 3.4ms 67.4MB 63ms 30ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 213ms 2.5ms 52.8MB 190ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 4-i.rs 264ms 6.4ms 52.6MB 203ms 43ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 395ms 1.2ms 238.0MB 287ms 93ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 407ms 3.7ms 238.1MB 300ms 90ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 696ms 2.3ms 551.8MB 447ms 233ms rustc 1.88.0

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 8-m.rs 227ms 16ms 27.6MB 660ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8.rs 411ms 5.1ms 24.2MB 390ms 7ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 8-m.rs 33ms 3.8ms 15.8MB 60ms 7ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8.rs 57ms 3.0ms 11.6MB 40ms 3ms rustc 1.88.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 35ms 0.6ms 3.0MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 0-unsafe.rs 38ms 5.3ms 1.8MB 33ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 51ms 5.5ms 1.9MB 43ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 65ms 0.7ms 3.0MB 60ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 101ms 1.8ms 3.0MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 0-unsafe.rs 136ms 6.3ms 1.8MB 127ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 186ms 0.4ms 3.0MB 180ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 1.rs 197ms 16ms 2.0MB 190ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 18ms 0.7ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 0-unsafe.rs 24ms 1.1ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 30ms 1.1ms 3.0MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 1.rs 30ms 1.2ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 712ms 1.1ms 33.8MB 690ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 843ms 9.4ms 64.2MB 820ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 154ms 4.0ms 9.8MB 143ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 178ms 3.9ms 22.2MB 163ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 2.rs 303ms 3.7ms 6.6MB 293ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 351ms 3.7ms 8.3MB 340ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
rust 1.rs 377ms 18ms 40.9MB 363ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 418ms 6.0ms 43.0MB 407ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 68ms 4.3ms 11.6MB 57ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 77ms 1.6ms 2.9MB 70ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 87ms 1.6ms 4.5MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 92ms 2.2ms 13.1MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1530ms 10ms 2.7MB 1310ms 200ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 1715ms 8.1ms 2.7MB 1627ms 77ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 1967ms 53ms 6.3MB 1943ms 13ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 321ms 0.5ms 2.4MB 297ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 380ms 0.8ms 2.4MB 370ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 446ms 6.4ms 5.0MB 433ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 435ms 3.4ms 78.4MB 443ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 51ms 0.9ms 11.6MB 43ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 120ms 0.3ms 1.8MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 1447ms 14ms 1.9MB 1437ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 32ms 0.7ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 370ms 15ms 1.9MB 360ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0