Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Go VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon Jun 23 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 502ms 3.0ms 581.8MB 603ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1.go 1752ms 19ms 51.9MB 1730ms 10ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 1-m.go 2372ms 7.5ms 42.0MB 5283ms 43ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1.kt 4205ms 55ms 144.8MB 4410ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 3.5ms 163.1MB 150ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1.go 154ms 0.3ms 5.0MB 140ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 1-m.go 209ms 2.0ms 7.9MB 373ms 7ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1.kt 219ms 14ms 17.7MB 223ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1-m.go 521ms 70ms 15.5MB 2027ms 3ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 2-m.kt 1914ms 60ms 234.2MB 7147ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2192ms 8.0ms 218.7MB 3023ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4300ms 30ms 21.1MB 14380ms 537ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
go 1.go timeout 0.0ms 13.3MB 2440ms 17150ms tinygo 0.38.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5517ms 30ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1-m.go 47ms 13ms 7.4MB 160ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 2-m.kt 249ms 2.2ms 21.4MB 840ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 389ms 6.7ms 17.4MB 397ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 482ms 16ms 75.4MB 1090ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1-m.go 619ms 19ms 4.3MB 277ms 1990ms tinygo 0.38.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 814ms 72ms 95.6MB 2813ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 118ms 1.1ms 8.5MB 107ms 0ms go 1.24.4

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 34ms 0.1ms 8.2MB 30ms 0ms go 1.24.4

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3-m.go 673ms 1.0ms 5.6MB 2600ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 3-m.go 726ms 2.7ms 2.9MB 2673ms 37ms tinygo 0.38.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3-m.go 74ms 0.2ms 5.5MB 197ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 3-m.go 102ms 2.8ms 2.9MB 187ms 33ms tinygo 0.38.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3-m.go 125ms 0.3ms 7.5MB 380ms 0ms go 1.24.4

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3-m.go 17ms 0.6ms 7.6MB 30ms 0ms go 1.24.4

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 0.7ms 0.0ms 0.3MB 0ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 1.go 1.4ms 0.1ms 3.4MB 0ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1.kt 2.1ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 62ms 0.8ms 47.8MB 78ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1-http2.go 117ms 4.2ms 50.2MB 330ms 83ms go 1.24.4
go 1-m.go 371ms 8.7ms 171.0MB 663ms 577ms go 1.24.4
go 2-m.go 410ms 5.9ms 174.9MB 743ms 647ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 2-m.kt 4779ms 156ms 415.1MB 14780ms 2513ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 397.0MB 16267ms 2767ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1-http2.go 22ms 12ms 23.5MB 55ms 15ms go 1.24.4
go 1-m.go 64ms 2.6ms 30.5MB 87ms 93ms go 1.24.4
go 2-m.go 68ms 5.4ms 38.9MB 87ms 93ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1-m.kt 2041ms 202ms 241.1MB 5747ms 710ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2177ms 125ms 242.9MB 5933ms 677ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 2-ffi.go 46ms 0.4ms 41.2MB 37ms 7ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 141ms 2.5ms 18.6MB 133ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1-m.kt 766ms 91ms 171.9MB 2060ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 2-ffi.go 253ms 3.8ms 153.2MB 243ms 40ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 742ms 5.5ms 105.0MB 730ms 13ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1-m.kt 1844ms 20ms 667.3MB 4333ms 157ms kotlin/jvm 21

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 7-m.go 676ms 7.8ms 38.9MB 2393ms 23ms go 1.24.4

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 7-m.go 130ms 2.8ms 23.9MB 343ms 23ms go 1.24.4

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3.go 121ms 1.2ms 3.5MB 113ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 3.go 132ms 2.6ms 0.4MB 127ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
kotlin 2.kt 166ms 1.9ms 12.4MB 167ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 197ms 7.4ms 94.7MB 323ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 201ms 1.6ms 102.7MB 457ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 375ms 17ms 12.4MB 380ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 317ms 2.5ms 210.7MB 540ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 341ms 2.0ms 203.0MB 457ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 3.go 383ms 2.1ms 0.4MB 373ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 3.go 394ms 12ms 3.5MB 387ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 2.kt 475ms 2.5ms 12.5MB 503ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1046ms 1.8ms 12.5MB 1073ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3.go 51ms 1.2ms 3.5MB 40ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 3.go 67ms 2.9ms 0.3MB 60ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
kotlin 2.kt 95ms 0.1ms 12.8MB 87ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.1ms 12.8MB 117ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 4.0ms 92.4MB 293ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 170ms 16ms 95.9MB 367ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 3227ms 6.6ms 7.7MB 3220ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 3605ms 41ms 3.3MB 3593ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 137ms 3.0ms 3.6MB 130ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 152ms 4.4ms 0.4MB 143ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 394ms 11ms 680.4MB 447ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1.go 1049ms 0.9ms 35.4MB 1030ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 2.go 1343ms 6.2ms 51.9MB 1317ms 10ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 1-m.go 1463ms 6.3ms 38.9MB 3117ms 33ms go 1.24.4
go 2-m.go 1677ms 22ms 40.9MB 3687ms 33ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1.kt 1937ms 26ms 90.4MB 2023ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 3.2ms 207.4MB 210ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1.go 211ms 4.8ms 11.6MB 197ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 2.go 258ms 3.7ms 15.4MB 247ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
kotlin 1.kt 288ms 11ms 25.8MB 290ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
go 1-m.go 340ms 9.7ms 12.1MB 670ms 23ms go 1.24.4
go 2-m.go 372ms 0.6ms 14.0MB 787ms 20ms go 1.24.4

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 346ms 1.4ms 0.3MB 337ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 1.go 349ms 1.6ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1n.kt 354ms 2.9ms 3.6MB 343ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 444ms 1.3ms 49.7MB 487ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 36ms 0.4ms 0.3MB 30ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 1.go 37ms 0.1ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1n.kt 40ms 1.0ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 121ms 1.7ms 49.7MB 167ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 300ms 4.8ms 71.7MB 287ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 349ms 21ms 39.5MB 337ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 2.go 469ms 3.1ms 20.0MB 457ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 2.go 747ms 5.8ms 21.7MB 733ms 10ms go 1.24.4

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 57ms 3.3ms 21.5MB 50ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 64ms 4.2ms 10.1MB 53ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 2.go 117ms 4.5ms 4.1MB 110ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
go 2.go 187ms 2.3ms 6.3MB 177ms 0ms go 1.24.4

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 8.go 1174ms 6.0ms 10.6MB 1160ms 3ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1.kt 3774ms 15ms 353.5MB 4633ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 4053ms 1487ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5113ms 140ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 8.go 278ms 2.4ms 8.6MB 267ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1-m.kt 1024ms 7.6ms 352.8MB 1743ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.9MB 4010ms 1517ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.7MB 5123ms 140ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3.go timeout 0.0ms 122.3MB 4983ms 43ms go 1.24.4
go 3.go timeout 0.0ms 85.0MB 4973ms 10ms tinygo 0.38.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5417ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5067ms 120ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 828ms 9.1ms 134.4MB 1267ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 3.go 1798ms 95ms 20.2MB 1780ms 27ms go 1.24.4
go 3.go 2264ms 20ms 23.3MB 2247ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0
kotlin 1n.kt 3234ms 34ms 51.1MB 3313ms 80ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 0-ffi.go 92ms 1.0ms 5.2MB 90ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1.kt 3088ms 35ms 232.4MB 4080ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 0-ffi.go 26ms 0.6ms 5.2MB 20ms 0ms go 1.24.4
kotlin 1-m.kt 982ms 20ms 231.5MB 1887ms 53ms kotlin/jvm 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 4-m.go 1917ms 15ms 5.5MB 7387ms 13ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 3646ms 8.0ms 5.6MB 3637ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go timeout 0.0ms 0.5MB 4990ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 4-m.go 481ms 1.8ms 5.6MB 1843ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 915ms 1.3ms 3.5MB 907ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 1397ms 1.7ms 0.4MB 1387ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 4-m.go 126ms 0.7ms 5.6MB 450ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 231ms 1.9ms 3.5MB 220ms 0ms go 1.24.4
go 1.go 351ms 0.1ms 0.4MB 340ms 0ms tinygo 0.38.0