Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Rust VS Crystal benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Fri Aug 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1.2ms 0.1ms 1.8MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 1.2ms 0.1ms 1.9MB 0ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
crystal 1.cr 1.9ms 0.1ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 9.rs 246ms 0.5ms 4.8MB 240ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 8.rs 292ms 0.8ms 4.8MB 280ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 314ms 1.7ms 9.3MB 303ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 9.rs 13ms 0.4ms 1.9MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 8.rs 14ms 0.1ms 1.9MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 17ms 0.1ms 5.8MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 163ms 0.3ms 1.8MB 157ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 7-i.rs 218ms 1.1ms 1.8MB 210ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 229ms 0.6ms 1.8MB 220ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 279ms 0.5ms 1.9MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 279ms 0.3ms 1.6MB 270ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 345ms 2.9ms 3.4MB 337ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
crystal 1.cr 346ms 3.1ms 3.4MB 337ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 4-i.rs 18ms 0.1ms 1.8MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 7-i.rs 24ms 0.5ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 25ms 0.5ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 30ms 0.1ms 1.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 2.rs 30ms 0.1ms 1.6MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 37ms 0.5ms 3.4MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
crystal 1.cr 39ms 0.1ms 3.4MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7-m.rs 492ms 0.6ms 2.3MB 1907ms 3ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8-m.rs 493ms 0.0ms 2.4MB 1917ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 8.rs 994ms 2.5ms 2.4MB 983ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 7.rs 1964ms 9.9ms 2.0MB 1957ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 2079ms 5.2ms 2.4MB 8167ms 3ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 3758ms 11ms 4.5MB 3750ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 2.rs 4264ms 2.5ms 2.0MB 4253ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7-m.rs 127ms 0.2ms 2.1MB 463ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8-m.rs 127ms 0.4ms 2.3MB 470ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 8.rs 251ms 0.9ms 2.0MB 240ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 7.rs 496ms 4.5ms 1.8MB 490ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 523ms 1.6ms 2.3MB 2023ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 941ms 1.2ms 4.5MB 930ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 2.rs 1068ms 0.2ms 2.0MB 1060ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 8-m.rs 35ms 0.2ms 2.1MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 7-m.rs 35ms 0.4ms 2.1MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8.rs 65ms 0.5ms 2.0MB 60ms 0ms rustc 1.90.0-nightly
rust 7.rs 130ms 7.3ms 1.8MB 123ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 135ms 0.3ms 2.1MB 493ms 3ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 242ms 3.7ms 3.9MB 233ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 2.rs 269ms 0.8ms 1.9MB 260ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1231ms 8.3ms 64.2MB 1203ms 10ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 4.rs 1259ms 3.4ms 33.8MB 1240ms 7ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5.rs 1337ms 1.1ms 33.8MB 1317ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 1443ms 32ms 49.8MB 1410ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 104ms 1.6ms 11.0MB 90ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 4.rs 121ms 2.1ms 5.8MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5.rs 126ms 2.0ms 5.8MB 120ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 138ms 4.5ms 7.8MB 127ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-m.rs 540ms 40ms 8.9MB 2037ms 60ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 650ms 108ms 5.6MB 2473ms 67ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 975ms 1.4ms 7.4MB 3630ms 197ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 1139ms 4.6ms 9.3MB 1100ms 27ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 1489ms 15ms 19.9MB 1420ms 57ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 4.rs 1934ms 7.8ms 6.9MB 1923ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-m.rs 53ms 3.2ms 3.4MB 160ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3-m.rs 53ms 1.0ms 4.4MB 160ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 70ms 0.3ms 4.0MB 60ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 75ms 0.9ms 3.5MB 243ms 20ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 82ms 4.6ms 7.1MB 57ms 10ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 4.rs 116ms 2.5ms 3.1MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 57ms 1.8ms 6.5MB 40ms 3ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 1.rs 121ms 3.5ms 3.6MB 113ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 422ms 3.6ms 3.6MB 413ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 22ms 1.7ms 5.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 1.rs 34ms 1.6ms 2.9MB 23ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 77ms 1.4ms 3.0MB 70ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-im.rs 413ms 0.7ms 2.1MB 1587ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 558ms 2.0ms 2.0MB 2130ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-im.rs 667ms 5.0ms 2.1MB 2540ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 955ms 4.2ms 2.1MB 3670ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3-i.rs 1497ms 2.0ms 1.8MB 1490ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-i.rs 2365ms 0.5ms 1.8MB 2357ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 2510ms 4.1ms 2.9MB 2497ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 1.rs 2700ms 26ms 1.8MB 2690ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 3-im.rs 38ms 0.1ms 2.0MB 127ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 52ms 1.3ms 2.1MB 170ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-im.rs 60ms 1.6ms 2.0MB 200ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-m.rs 84ms 0.3ms 2.0MB 290ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3-i.rs 125ms 0.6ms 1.9MB 120ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-i.rs 195ms 0.4ms 1.8MB 183ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 207ms 2.7ms 2.9MB 200ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 1.rs 224ms 3.0ms 1.8MB 217ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 6.rs 88ms 2.0ms 1.9MB 80ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5c-m.rs 89ms 0.8ms 3.2MB 250ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 92ms 1.4ms 3.2MB 287ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1c.rs 164ms 0.4ms 1.9MB 157ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 197ms 1.0ms 1.9MB 190ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 540ms 2.0ms 3.6MB 450ms 77ms crystal 1.17.0
crystal 1.cr 681ms 2.0ms 14.6MB 570ms 97ms crystal 1.17.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 6.rs 11ms 1.0ms 1.9MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5c-m.rs 15ms 0.3ms 3.4MB 23ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 5-m.rs 16ms 0.7ms 3.4MB 27ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1c.rs 19ms 0.5ms 1.9MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 22ms 0.4ms 1.9MB 10ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 57ms 0.8ms 3.6MB 40ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
crystal 1.cr 72ms 0.8ms 4.4MB 53ms 7ms crystal 1.17.0

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 219ms 191ms 80.3MB 1827ms 2833ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-http2.rs 284ms 64ms 50.0MB 633ms 310ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 349ms 10ms 78.0MB 240ms 837ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-http2.rs 394ms 30ms 60.1MB 793ms 547ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 1962ms 442ms 300.0MB 300ms 437ms crystal 1.17.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1-m.rs 44ms 5.0ms 19.0MB 20ms 67ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-m.rs 82ms 6.1ms 22.8MB 37ms 160ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1-http2.rs 220ms 96ms 24.1MB 590ms 173ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2-http2.rs 223ms 41ms 25.9MB 600ms 173ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 1239ms 102ms 53.0MB 27ms 77ms crystal 1.17.0

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 29ms 1.5ms 9.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 4-i.rs 33ms 0.8ms 7.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 60ms 1.1ms 32.0MB 40ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 61ms 1.6ms 33.8MB 40ms 7ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 101ms 3.0ms 67.4MB 60ms 23ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 5-i.rs 216ms 2.9ms 53.0MB 190ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 4-i.rs 262ms 5.4ms 54.5MB 210ms 37ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 392ms 6.9ms 238.0MB 290ms 87ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 3.rs 403ms 5.1ms 237.8MB 307ms 80ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 679ms 0.6ms 551.8MB 443ms 227ms rustc 1.88.0

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 8-m.rs 219ms 11ms 28.1MB 633ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8.rs 411ms 1.3ms 23.8MB 390ms 3ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 8-m.rs 29ms 2.8ms 15.9MB 60ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 8.rs 55ms 2.1ms 11.4MB 40ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0-unsafe.rs 37ms 4.5ms 1.9MB 27ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 37ms 0.9ms 3.0MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 1.rs 51ms 3.1ms 2.0MB 43ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 70ms 1.9ms 3.0MB 60ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 105ms 1.9ms 3.0MB 97ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 0-unsafe.rs 133ms 9.5ms 1.8MB 123ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 201ms 2.2ms 3.0MB 190ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 1.rs 203ms 10ms 1.9MB 193ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 19ms 1.2ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 0-unsafe.rs 24ms 0.7ms 1.8MB 17ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 31ms 1.7ms 1.9MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 33ms 1.2ms 3.0MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 709ms 8.0ms 33.8MB 690ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 838ms 12ms 64.2MB 820ms 7ms crystal 1.17.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 160ms 6.9ms 9.9MB 150ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 177ms 4.2ms 22.3MB 160ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 2.rs 301ms 2.9ms 6.6MB 290ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 301ms 3.1ms 8.3MB 290ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 1.rs 305ms 4.3ms 40.9MB 287ms 3ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 420ms 4.6ms 43.0MB 403ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 64ms 1.9ms 11.6MB 57ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 2.cr 74ms 0.2ms 4.5MB 70ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0
rust 2.rs 77ms 1.1ms 2.9MB 70ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 89ms 0.6ms 13.2MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 1525ms 5.8ms 2.7MB 1310ms 200ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 1707ms 7.2ms 2.7MB 1613ms 77ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 1960ms 30ms 6.3MB 1927ms 17ms crystal 1.17.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 1.rs 321ms 2.3ms 2.4MB 300ms 10ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 2.rs 381ms 2.0ms 2.4MB 370ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
crystal 1.cr 438ms 11ms 5.0MB 430ms 0ms crystal 1.17.0

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 438ms 2.7ms 78.6MB 450ms 13ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 7.rs 49ms 0.5ms 11.6MB 40ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 119ms 3.0ms 1.9MB 110ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 1429ms 26ms 1.9MB 1420ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
rust 0.rs 32ms 0.6ms 1.8MB 20ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0
rust 1.rs 359ms 4.6ms 1.9MB 350ms 0ms rustc 1.88.0