Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Go VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sat Mar 29 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 492ms 35ms 1223.9MB 553ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1.go 1256ms 11ms 55.0MB 1230ms 10ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 1-m.go 2402ms 27ms 39.8MB 5327ms 37ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 3082ms 15ms 246.4MB 5163ms 690ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 104ms 0.8ms 160.3MB 113ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1.go 114ms 0.9ms 5.6MB 103ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 1-m.go 211ms 0.7ms 8.0MB 377ms 10ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 276ms 9.6ms 30.3MB 443ms 57ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1-m.go 580ms 121ms 15.6MB 2267ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 765ms 10ms 268.6MB 710ms 40ms tinygo 0.37.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 1734ms 92ms 234.6MB 6420ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2168ms 9.4ms 222.7MB 3003ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 12.9MB 6077ms 487ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 117.1MB 18960ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1-m.go 48ms 11ms 7.5MB 157ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 72ms 2.9ms 68.6MB 50ms 10ms tinygo 0.37.0
kotlin 2-m.kt 426ms 4.7ms 25.0MB 1567ms 20ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 474ms 4.8ms 76.6MB 1057ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 689ms 16ms 8.8MB 813ms 67ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 780ms 21ms 100.6MB 2703ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 118ms 1.1ms 8.4MB 110ms 0ms go 1.24.1

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 34ms 1.0ms 8.2MB 27ms 0ms go 1.24.1

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3-m.go 674ms 1.8ms 3.5MB 2597ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 3.go 2019ms 0.7ms 48.6MB 2000ms 7ms tinygo 0.37.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3-m.go 74ms 0.8ms 3.5MB 200ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 3.go 194ms 2.2ms 48.4MB 180ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3-m.go 126ms 0.7ms 5.5MB 380ms 0ms go 1.24.1

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3-m.go 18ms 1.2ms 7.5MB 30ms 0ms go 1.24.1

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 0.9ms 0.0ms 0.4MB 0ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 1.go 1.5ms 0.1ms 3.4MB 0ms 0ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1.kt 1.9ms 0.2ms 2.6MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 52ms 0.7ms 47.2MB 62ms 14ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1-http2.go 123ms 2.3ms 54.1MB 327ms 87ms go 1.24.1
go 1-m.go 422ms 7.0ms 166.6MB 747ms 670ms go 1.24.1
go 2-m.go 430ms 6.7ms 176.9MB 673ms 740ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 2-m.kt 4775ms 56ms 442.2MB 14967ms 2663ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 391.3MB 16150ms 2790ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1-http2.go 24ms 13ms 25.5MB 65ms 15ms go 1.24.1
go 2-m.go 72ms 9.5ms 36.3MB 90ms 110ms go 1.24.1
go 1-m.go 81ms 10ms 38.7MB 103ms 120ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 2114ms 204ms 206.1MB 5923ms 717ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2322ms 100ms 242.4MB 5993ms 683ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 2-ffi.go 46ms 1.2ms 41.1MB 37ms 7ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 143ms 0.8ms 18.7MB 137ms 0ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 835ms 90ms 208.3MB 2240ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 2-ffi.go 252ms 7.1ms 151.4MB 243ms 40ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 744ms 2.4ms 104.9MB 737ms 7ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 2326ms 37ms 834.4MB 5107ms 183ms kotlin/jvm 21

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 7-m.go 692ms 18ms 39.6MB 2383ms 30ms go 1.24.1

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 7-m.go 132ms 5.1ms 23.6MB 347ms 23ms go 1.24.1

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3.go 120ms 1.0ms 3.5MB 110ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 3.go 135ms 1.8ms 0.5MB 127ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 183ms 4.3ms 96.4MB 297ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 198ms 3.5ms 105.0MB 417ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 306ms 5.2ms 5.8MB 433ms 13ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 513ms 4.5ms 5.9MB 613ms 7ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 312ms 12ms 214.5MB 533ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 329ms 7.5ms 204.7MB 423ms 53ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 3.go 386ms 3.0ms 0.5MB 377ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 3.go 389ms 10ms 3.5MB 380ms 0ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 2.kt 909ms 6.8ms 5.9MB 1307ms 47ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 1558ms 23ms 5.9MB 1883ms 23ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3.go 50ms 2.0ms 3.5MB 40ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 3.go 66ms 3.8ms 0.4MB 60ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
kotlin 2.kt 140ms 1.7ms 3.6MB 193ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 140ms 7.2ms 92.4MB 263ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 162ms 16ms 95.6MB 337ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 170ms 1.5ms 3.8MB 213ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 3235ms 5.1ms 7.7MB 3227ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 4074ms 3.0ms 3.4MB 4067ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 139ms 2.7ms 3.6MB 130ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 174ms 4.6ms 0.5MB 167ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 360ms 8.1ms 681.4MB 397ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1.go 824ms 47ms 63.1MB 803ms 7ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 2.go 1128ms 4.9ms 54.9MB 1107ms 10ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 1-m.go 1480ms 7.2ms 38.8MB 3130ms 43ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 1499ms 4.3ms 134.5MB 2283ms 337ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
go 2-m.go 1701ms 23ms 43.0MB 3723ms 43ms go 1.24.1

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 130ms 2.8ms 208.5MB 157ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 1.go 178ms 1.1ms 9.8MB 167ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 2.go 206ms 4.8ms 17.2MB 190ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 312ms 4.3ms 38.5MB 460ms 70ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
go 1-m.go 334ms 3.1ms 13.9MB 680ms 20ms go 1.24.1
go 2-m.go 375ms 1.8ms 14.0MB 800ms 17ms go 1.24.1

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 348ms 0.1ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 350ms 4.0ms 0.4MB 343ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
kotlin 1n.kt 413ms 3.0ms 2.6MB 403ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 447ms 1.8ms 49.3MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 37ms 0.7ms 0.4MB 30ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 1.go 39ms 1.2ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1n.kt 45ms 1.9ms 2.6MB 40ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 120ms 0.4ms 49.6MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 295ms 16ms 39.8MB 277ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 1.go 300ms 7.4ms 71.7MB 287ms 3ms go 1.24.1
go 2.go 432ms 4.6ms 21.6MB 420ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 2.go 747ms 4.4ms 21.7MB 733ms 13ms go 1.24.1

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 1.go 52ms 1.3ms 10.2MB 40ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 1.go 60ms 4.5ms 21.6MB 50ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 2.go 106ms 1.4ms 4.9MB 100ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
go 2.go 180ms 1.3ms 5.8MB 170ms 0ms go 1.24.1

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 8.go 1197ms 8.0ms 8.5MB 1183ms 7ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1.kt 3753ms 45ms 355.1MB 4627ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6320ms 267ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5000ms 167ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 8.go 282ms 4.3ms 8.6MB 273ms 0ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 983ms 29ms 355.6MB 1763ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.5MB 6270ms 273ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 5010ms 150ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 3.go timeout 0.0ms 122.4MB 4980ms 47ms go 1.24.1
go 3.go timeout 0.0ms 122.8MB 4973ms 10ms tinygo 0.37.0
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.2MB 5393ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 277.0MB 5430ms 493ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 807ms 4.6ms 134.0MB 1223ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
go 3.go 1764ms 3.2ms 19.8MB 1753ms 20ms go 1.24.1
go 3.go 2281ms 13ms 26.6MB 2263ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0
kotlin 1n.kt 3182ms 11ms 63.1MB 3923ms 17ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 0-ffi.go 92ms 0.4ms 5.2MB 83ms 0ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1.kt 3130ms 52ms 233.8MB 4123ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 0-ffi.go 27ms 1.3ms 5.2MB 20ms 0ms go 1.24.1
kotlin 1-m.kt 984ms 32ms 232.4MB 1807ms 57ms kotlin/jvm 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 4-m.go 1901ms 1.6ms 5.5MB 7417ms 3ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 3665ms 8.1ms 5.6MB 3660ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go timeout 0.0ms 0.5MB 4990ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 4-m.go 482ms 2.2ms 5.6MB 1837ms 3ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 918ms 5.1ms 3.5MB 907ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 1397ms 0.3ms 0.5MB 1390ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
go 4-m.go 125ms 0.6ms 5.5MB 453ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 234ms 0.8ms 3.5MB 227ms 0ms go 1.24.1
go 1.go 351ms 0.2ms 0.4MB 340ms 0ms tinygo 0.37.0