Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Java VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Dec 01 2024, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 471ms 5.6ms 648.0MB 570ms 103ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1.kt 480ms 16ms 575.9MB 567ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2-m.java 482ms 17ms 645.0MB 687ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 530ms 1.5ms 571.1MB 573ms 137ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1186ms 22ms 1052.1MB 590ms 767ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 3116ms 32ms 248.5MB 5177ms 713ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 102ms 1.9ms 158.0MB 110ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 128ms 1.7ms 166.9MB 153ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 130ms 5.1ms 98.0MB 157ms 37ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 157ms 17ms 230.2MB 233ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 299ms 30ms 32.5MB 463ms 60ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 2.java 309ms 7.0ms 243.6MB 153ms 207ms openjdk/zgc 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 586ms 39ms 264.1MB 1630ms 67ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 603ms 30ms 227.8MB 1633ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 623ms 39ms 404.3MB 1197ms 110ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 944ms 27ms 514.3MB 1567ms 430ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 299ms 8.0ms 230.9MB 583ms 73ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 343ms 18ms 178.5MB 930ms 43ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 394ms 8.3ms 112.4MB 1053ms 53ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 493ms 2.1ms 215.3MB 953ms 217ms openjdk/zgc 21

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 897ms 23ms 100.1MB 3263ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 965ms 57ms 50.0MB 3537ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 983ms 6.8ms 49.0MB 3597ms 37ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 1043ms 9.0ms 46.1MB 3407ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 180ms 5.5ms 48.5MB 493ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 194ms 5.8ms 50.1MB 480ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 202ms 11ms 101.4MB 547ms 33ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 295ms 2.3ms 45.7MB 483ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 457ms 0.7ms 47.4MB 543ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 4-m.java 462ms 19ms 104.6MB 670ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 466ms 9.2ms 49.3MB 567ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 4.java 568ms 6.1ms 47.0MB 550ms 133ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4-m.java 124ms 4.1ms 87.9MB 163ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 127ms 1.0ms 46.1MB 170ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 4.java 132ms 2.0ms 47.8MB 177ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 4.java 241ms 3.8ms 43.8MB 153ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.4ms 0.2ms 4.7MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 58ms 4.7ms 47.4MB 56ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 68ms 3.0ms 59.0MB 70ms 20ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 73ms 4.6ms 44.8MB 74ms 22ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 77ms 1.6ms 43.8MB 76ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 187ms 4.1ms 44.6MB 82ms 128ms openjdk/zgc 21

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 992ms 16ms 155.1MB 3317ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 3-m.java 1000ms 78ms 127.5MB 3403ms 30ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 1150ms 14ms 183.6MB 3873ms 70ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 1444ms 61ms 180.9MB 4577ms 197ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 332ms 16ms 101.3MB 963ms 43ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 345ms 27ms 89.8MB 977ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 3-m.java 361ms 32ms 141.0MB 980ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 440ms 3.1ms 98.5MB 930ms 167ms openjdk/zgc 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1b.java 1164ms 9.6ms 54.3MB 1273ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1b.java 1171ms 5.3ms 55.9MB 1297ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1b.java 1181ms 39ms 108.6MB 1363ms 33ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1260ms 13ms 139.9MB 1367ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 1278ms 21ms 51.4MB 1277ms 130ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 1654ms 9.2ms 54.9MB 1747ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1a.java 1665ms 2.2ms 55.5MB 1770ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1688ms 16ms 105.6MB 1807ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1701ms 1.3ms 202.3MB 1780ms 37ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 1709ms 2.1ms 314.7MB 1770ms 53ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1780ms 5.2ms 53.7MB 1753ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 2351ms 5.1ms 853.8MB 1813ms 637ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 606.2MB 5250ms 140ms openjdk 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 772.9MB 5320ms 140ms openjdk 23
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 3284.3MB 3460ms 1913ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1b-m.java 181ms 13ms 49.6MB 290ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 196ms 12ms 82.1MB 267ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1b-m.java 198ms 8.9ms 51.2MB 310ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1a-m.java 199ms 3.5ms 50.3MB 310ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 200ms 2.7ms 87.0MB 277ms 33ms openjdk 23
java 1a-m.java 201ms 5.5ms 52.1MB 303ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 204ms 14ms 115.4MB 317ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1a-m.java 211ms 6.8ms 102.6MB 307ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b-m.java 233ms 15ms 104.0MB 400ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 308ms 1.6ms 49.4MB 303ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 315ms 3.0ms 49.9MB 300ms 133ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 338ms 4.9ms 116.4MB 270ms 160ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 579ms 14ms 826.3MB 843ms 127ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 621ms 39ms 586.7MB 887ms 127ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1590ms 18ms 1349.9MB 863ms 1037ms openjdk/zgc 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 353ms 4.0ms 679.4MB 377ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 401ms 2.9ms 679.9MB 473ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 405ms 5.1ms 539.3MB 507ms 87ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 417ms 30ms 635.2MB 610ms 123ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1094ms 19ms 989.4MB 447ms 767ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 1537ms 54ms 136.5MB 2363ms 343ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 131ms 0.9ms 206.5MB 157ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 166ms 3.4ms 159.1MB 243ms 40ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 166ms 2.4ms 206.3MB 243ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 225ms 28ms 258.5MB 380ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 319ms 4.8ms 40.5MB 470ms 77ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 442ms 45ms 341.6MB 223ms 290ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 407ms 3.6ms 4.7MB 400ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 443ms 2.2ms 45.3MB 480ms 13ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 446ms 1.4ms 49.5MB 480ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 448ms 1.5ms 48.5MB 483ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 450ms 4.6ms 83.3MB 477ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 569ms 1.3ms 46.9MB 493ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1248ms 2.9ms 611.8MB 1370ms 97ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1255ms 4.8ms 780.5MB 1383ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3283ms 56ms 2413.4MB 1647ms 1847ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 46ms 0.7ms 4.7MB 40ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 120ms 2.1ms 87.3MB 137ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 121ms 1.0ms 45.4MB 163ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 123ms 1.3ms 48.3MB 157ms 13ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1.kt 123ms 1.1ms 49.4MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 245ms 0.4ms 44.9MB 160ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 307ms 2.9ms 343.0MB 450ms 57ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 313ms 5.4ms 387.7MB 447ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 704ms 8.8ms 536.4MB 473ms 420ms openjdk/zgc 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 420ms 1.7ms 118.1MB 460ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 432ms 8.9ms 115.2MB 487ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 604ms 2.3ms 112.6MB 513ms 163ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1-m.java 703ms 85ms 239.9MB 1043ms 80ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 781ms 3.3ms 60.6MB 833ms 13ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 789ms 8.6ms 57.0MB 850ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 844ms 0.9ms 55.1MB 773ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 1312ms 74ms 240.5MB 2287ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 158ms 0.5ms 68.0MB 200ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 164ms 12ms 64.9MB 210ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 247ms 12ms 144.7MB 343ms 60ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 260ms 4.2ms 50.2MB 320ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 264ms 2.9ms 50.4MB 313ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 288ms 1.8ms 61.6MB 210ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 368ms 4.5ms 49.4MB 317ms 130ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 474ms 5.2ms 194.3MB 823ms 70ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 3200ms 37ms 447.4MB 3680ms 97ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3677ms 90ms 388.1MB 4527ms 123ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 3700ms 76ms 423.2MB 4547ms 120ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 3707ms 69ms 352.5MB 4577ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 2012.2MB 4660ms 1187ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 20.9MB 6393ms 267ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 8.2MB 4993ms 160ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 918ms 18ms 448.8MB 1310ms 90ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 1004ms 32ms 354.5MB 1770ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1015ms 31ms 352.4MB 1803ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 1038ms 10ms 370.6MB 1787ms 90ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 2036ms 48ms 1391.2MB 1720ms 1087ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 7.4MB 6367ms 263ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 8.3MB 5000ms 160ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 408.6MB 5413ms 107ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 302.3MB 5323ms 63ms openjdk 21
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 304.9MB 5340ms 50ms openjdk 23
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 469.2MB 4963ms 290ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.4MB 5410ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 279.1MB 4977ms 917ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 799ms 12ms 133.4MB 1223ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 812ms 4.9ms 182.3MB 1223ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 814ms 12ms 134.0MB 1243ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 3-m.java 825ms 12ms 132.6MB 1253ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 3.java 988ms 40ms 134.2MB 1170ms 193ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3217ms 72ms 65.1MB 4043ms 10ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 1952ms 6.8ms 47.7MB 7430ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 1972ms 7.8ms 48.4MB 7477ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 2092ms 3.1ms 45.2MB 7480ms 157ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 2443ms 23ms 101.0MB 8710ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 595ms 4.1ms 49.1MB 2077ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 595ms 6.5ms 47.6MB 2087ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 718ms 4.6ms 47.3MB 2043ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 738ms 17ms 99.2MB 2487ms 33ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 238ms 1.1ms 47.6MB 670ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 246ms 2.6ms 48.9MB 710ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 277ms 22ms 96.4MB 793ms 27ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2-m.java 370ms 2.2ms 47.2MB 717ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1604ms 72ms 235.4MB 5907ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1892ms 152ms 260.4MB 7077ms 137ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 2135ms 35ms 220.1MB 2943ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2285ms 225ms 241.9MB 8653ms 137ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2814ms 339ms 1205.1MB 8973ms 1127ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 14.9MB 6260ms 513ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 85.0MB 19090ms 157ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 407ms 11ms 119.1MB 1330ms 63ms openjdk 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 419ms 4.7ms 54.7MB 1533ms 27ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1-m.java 425ms 21ms 91.8MB 1383ms 57ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 483ms 3.9ms 74.0MB 1130ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 663ms 29ms 209.0MB 1780ms 253ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 678ms 2.7ms 10.8MB 817ms 63ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 790ms 26ms 99.0MB 2727ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21