Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Java VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Wed Jan 22 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 467ms 1.5ms 646.0MB 567ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 468ms 12ms 645.0MB 687ms 90ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 487ms 33ms 1217.6MB 527ms 123ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 498ms 2.1ms 572.9MB 563ms 113ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1170ms 8.1ms 1044.5MB 570ms 760ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 3121ms 31ms 248.4MB 5273ms 667ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 99ms 1.2ms 158.3MB 103ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 126ms 6.8ms 96.2MB 147ms 40ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 127ms 1.9ms 168.9MB 160ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 150ms 3.7ms 231.2MB 210ms 67ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 266ms 1.2ms 28.5MB 413ms 67ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 2.java 307ms 4.8ms 241.9MB 163ms 197ms openjdk/zgc 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 611ms 50ms 226.3MB 1660ms 63ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 630ms 48ms 412.9MB 1207ms 117ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 681ms 6.9ms 267.6MB 1783ms 80ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 943ms 32ms 528.5MB 1630ms 413ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 302ms 19ms 231.6MB 593ms 67ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 329ms 2.1ms 177.6MB 883ms 63ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 373ms 21ms 127.4MB 1010ms 43ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 513ms 35ms 215.4MB 1007ms 213ms openjdk/zgc 21

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 911ms 9.8ms 100.3MB 3347ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 978ms 3.0ms 48.5MB 3633ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 987ms 3.8ms 50.3MB 3620ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1035ms 18ms 46.4MB 3387ms 133ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 181ms 2.4ms 48.3MB 483ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 188ms 5.8ms 50.3MB 470ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 220ms 19ms 101.5MB 580ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 296ms 3.4ms 47.5MB 503ms 130ms openjdk/zgc 21

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 443ms 2.7ms 106.4MB 627ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 452ms 4.1ms 47.5MB 537ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 4.java 457ms 2.3ms 49.1MB 537ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 4.java 563ms 2.8ms 45.2MB 537ms 130ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 125ms 1.5ms 46.5MB 167ms 10ms openjdk 21
java 4-m.java 125ms 2.0ms 47.9MB 170ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 4-m.java 130ms 6.6ms 92.6MB 180ms 33ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 239ms 4.5ms 46.0MB 160ms 133ms openjdk/zgc 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.4ms 0.5ms 4.7MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 54ms 6.4ms 47.4MB 54ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 64ms 1.6ms 54.9MB 66ms 18ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 71ms 6.1ms 43.9MB 80ms 16ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 72ms 6.3ms 44.7MB 70ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 186ms 4.8ms 44.6MB 90ms 126ms openjdk/zgc 21

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 1038ms 48ms 155.0MB 3503ms 50ms openjdk 23
java 3-m.java 1040ms 74ms 127.6MB 3567ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 1106ms 10ms 182.0MB 3770ms 73ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 1447ms 54ms 180.5MB 4570ms 197ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 316ms 23ms 102.0MB 920ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 335ms 7.7ms 137.4MB 883ms 73ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 338ms 27ms 87.0MB 1007ms 33ms openjdk 23
java 3-m.java 419ms 1.9ms 99.3MB 853ms 173ms openjdk/zgc 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1b.java 1158ms 25ms 55.3MB 1263ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1b.java 1184ms 8.7ms 54.4MB 1307ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1b.java 1214ms 57ms 116.0MB 1463ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1260ms 13ms 130.3MB 1363ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 1264ms 5.0ms 51.2MB 1243ms 133ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 1659ms 11ms 54.9MB 1757ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1a.java 1661ms 3.6ms 56.4MB 1767ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1673ms 2.5ms 108.3MB 1783ms 33ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1702ms 9.3ms 309.5MB 1767ms 47ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 1705ms 5.0ms 202.5MB 1757ms 60ms openjdk 21
java 1a.java 1773ms 9.1ms 51.9MB 1763ms 127ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 2359ms 9.8ms 858.7MB 1787ms 673ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 658.7MB 5300ms 130ms openjdk 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 778.5MB 5293ms 133ms openjdk 23
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 3309.3MB 3390ms 1953ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1b-m.java 183ms 13ms 52.5MB 287ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1a-m.java 190ms 1.0ms 50.0MB 293ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 190ms 6.7ms 81.9MB 270ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1b-m.java 190ms 20ms 49.8MB 300ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1a-m.java 191ms 2.5ms 52.5MB 283ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 194ms 8.6ms 115.9MB 283ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 197ms 8.8ms 87.2MB 270ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 1a-m.java 214ms 15ms 104.8MB 317ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b-m.java 251ms 56ms 106.5MB 433ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 304ms 3.3ms 49.7MB 293ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 309ms 4.4ms 50.2MB 283ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 332ms 0.9ms 114.4MB 263ms 167ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 569ms 11ms 709.6MB 877ms 83ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 593ms 40ms 612.9MB 850ms 120ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1593ms 14ms 1354.8MB 850ms 1043ms openjdk/zgc 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 344ms 1.7ms 679.6MB 383ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 397ms 2.9ms 630.4MB 593ms 97ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 401ms 1.0ms 537.3MB 483ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 401ms 4.9ms 679.9MB 467ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 1072ms 7.5ms 966.2MB 473ms 723ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 1514ms 66ms 136.5MB 2323ms 343ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 127ms 2.3ms 208.6MB 157ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 164ms 3.1ms 207.5MB 237ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 164ms 2.2ms 160.1MB 243ms 37ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 207ms 1.6ms 255.6MB 343ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 302ms 3.5ms 40.6MB 430ms 70ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 432ms 23ms 343.8MB 200ms 307ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 405ms 5.4ms 4.7MB 393ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 441ms 1.3ms 45.2MB 483ms 17ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 4.4ms 49.6MB 483ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 445ms 3.9ms 48.2MB 477ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 445ms 1.7ms 87.1MB 467ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 565ms 2.0ms 44.6MB 497ms 127ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1252ms 33ms 588.1MB 1390ms 83ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1255ms 8.3ms 753.6MB 1367ms 107ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3285ms 56ms 2475.9MB 1647ms 1840ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 46ms 1.6ms 4.6MB 33ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1.java 118ms 1.2ms 45.1MB 153ms 20ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 120ms 1.7ms 49.7MB 160ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 123ms 1.7ms 47.9MB 153ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 123ms 6.2ms 87.3MB 157ms 27ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 237ms 4.3ms 44.7MB 157ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 299ms 2.8ms 344.9MB 437ms 53ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 311ms 5.4ms 346.3MB 443ms 70ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 689ms 16ms 525.9MB 463ms 403ms openjdk/zgc 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 402ms 0.4ms 118.1MB 447ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 409ms 10ms 115.0MB 467ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 566ms 4.4ms 112.7MB 467ms 160ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1-m.java 613ms 19ms 236.5MB 893ms 70ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 783ms 1.3ms 57.6MB 843ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 788ms 14ms 60.7MB 843ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 838ms 5.5ms 53.0MB 770ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 1347ms 43ms 203.8MB 2387ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 155ms 5.6ms 68.1MB 207ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 157ms 1.5ms 64.9MB 207ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 200ms 4.4ms 130.6MB 273ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 260ms 2.9ms 50.2MB 320ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 266ms 6.5ms 50.5MB 307ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 285ms 4.9ms 63.4MB 210ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 365ms 1.7ms 47.4MB 303ms 133ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 486ms 11ms 151.2MB 857ms 67ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 3183ms 10ms 374.6MB 3637ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3692ms 33ms 412.3MB 4563ms 97ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 3696ms 87ms 425.5MB 4553ms 100ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 3713ms 77ms 353.7MB 4497ms 83ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1870.9MB 4497ms 1297ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 7.4MB 6367ms 257ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 8.3MB 4983ms 173ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 874ms 7.9ms 373.7MB 1197ms 107ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 1005ms 20ms 353.8MB 1740ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1011ms 13ms 402.8MB 1770ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1012ms 39ms 351.1MB 1780ms 100ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 2009ms 52ms 1383.0MB 1723ms 1053ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 7.3MB 6397ms 293ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 10.3MB 5003ms 153ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 411.6MB 5427ms 77ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 302.6MB 5350ms 47ms openjdk 21
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 304.6MB 5303ms 60ms openjdk 23
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 468.8MB 4957ms 313ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.6MB 5427ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 279.1MB 5003ms 860ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 771ms 11ms 181.0MB 1147ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 820ms 17ms 131.5MB 1230ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 828ms 41ms 132.5MB 1230ms 40ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 836ms 29ms 134.6MB 1223ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 3.java 958ms 13ms 132.5MB 1157ms 173ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3337ms 226ms 65.0MB 4233ms 10ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 1963ms 2.5ms 47.3MB 7453ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 1965ms 7.5ms 48.6MB 7467ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 2080ms 2.7ms 45.3MB 7453ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 2480ms 17ms 98.9MB 8800ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 592ms 8.0ms 47.7MB 2083ms 13ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 592ms 6.7ms 48.8MB 2033ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 712ms 1.7ms 45.3MB 2087ms 133ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 739ms 6.2ms 98.0MB 2493ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 246ms 3.6ms 48.5MB 717ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 247ms 13ms 47.4MB 710ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 285ms 13ms 96.7MB 827ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2-m.java 355ms 6.7ms 47.3MB 680ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 1791ms 170ms 260.0MB 6683ms 143ms openjdk 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 1809ms 268ms 235.5MB 6717ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2109ms 6.9ms 219.7MB 2923ms 63ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2251ms 168ms 241.1MB 8537ms 117ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2654ms 330ms 1215.5MB 8333ms 1107ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 14.8MB 6100ms 460ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 69.5MB 18963ms 130ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 386ms 11ms 54.6MB 1410ms 27ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
java 1-m.java 394ms 20ms 91.7MB 1290ms 50ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 424ms 15ms 123.3MB 1383ms 63ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 463ms 6.2ms 73.9MB 1070ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 649ms 27ms 221.3MB 1693ms 260ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 675ms 7.0ms 10.7MB 803ms 70ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 742ms 27ms 99.3MB 2503ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21