Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Java VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Jul 13 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 455ms 1.0ms 575.9MB 557ms 83ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 469ms 4.8ms 641.2MB 673ms 113ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 473ms 8.9ms 642.1MB 573ms 103ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1.kt 502ms 0.9ms 575.9MB 597ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 1191ms 22ms 1054.4MB 577ms 773ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 4076ms 141ms 134.1MB 4270ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.3ms 159.4MB 143ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2-m.java 125ms 0.6ms 167.1MB 157ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 129ms 5.0ms 96.0MB 167ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 151ms 3.3ms 227.2MB 220ms 63ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 232ms 38ms 17.6MB 243ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 2.java 305ms 2.0ms 241.5MB 157ms 197ms openjdk/zgc 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 555ms 15ms 273.6MB 1557ms 70ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 623ms 13ms 381.7MB 1183ms 123ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 641ms 58ms 267.1MB 1720ms 63ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 950ms 37ms 500.2MB 1577ms 403ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 305ms 11ms 226.1MB 607ms 67ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 355ms 28ms 177.9MB 977ms 43ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 375ms 23ms 127.9MB 1017ms 50ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 508ms 21ms 215.5MB 1010ms 213ms openjdk/zgc 21

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 901ms 6.8ms 97.1MB 3320ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 983ms 3.0ms 48.4MB 3663ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 987ms 5.3ms 50.2MB 3643ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1036ms 2.8ms 45.8MB 3383ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 183ms 8.1ms 48.2MB 497ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 188ms 2.5ms 50.3MB 487ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 205ms 0.3ms 95.9MB 573ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 299ms 1.9ms 45.9MB 493ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 448ms 4.7ms 101.5MB 633ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 458ms 6.9ms 47.4MB 543ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 4.java 464ms 8.8ms 49.1MB 557ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 4.java 566ms 2.0ms 45.1MB 530ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 120ms 2.9ms 46.6MB 163ms 13ms openjdk 21
java 4.java 127ms 4.2ms 48.0MB 173ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 4-m.java 131ms 4.7ms 94.1MB 183ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 242ms 2.2ms 43.9MB 163ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 62ms 2.2ms 52.9MB 66ms 18ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 62ms 0.6ms 47.7MB 74ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 67ms 7.0ms 43.8MB 74ms 18ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 71ms 5.3ms 44.7MB 74ms 16ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 193ms 7.2ms 42.8MB 82ms 136ms openjdk/zgc 21

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 1030ms 58ms 127.6MB 3553ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 1084ms 15ms 158.2MB 3720ms 43ms openjdk 23
java 3-m.java 1100ms 49ms 179.0MB 3693ms 73ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 1449ms 55ms 179.3MB 4600ms 200ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 338ms 53ms 96.3MB 993ms 50ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 341ms 21ms 136.0MB 907ms 60ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 345ms 34ms 88.9MB 1023ms 40ms openjdk 23
java 3-m.java 426ms 6.6ms 98.2MB 890ms 170ms openjdk/zgc 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1b.java 1148ms 3.6ms 54.4MB 1243ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1b.java 1151ms 11ms 55.3MB 1253ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1b.java 1176ms 8.9ms 104.9MB 1347ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1253ms 4.6ms 134.0MB 1370ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 1270ms 3.9ms 51.2MB 1247ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 1659ms 4.1ms 56.1MB 1757ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1664ms 3.0ms 54.6MB 1767ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1a.java 1682ms 5.1ms 102.5MB 1793ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1699ms 4.8ms 202.4MB 1773ms 37ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 1719ms 5.3ms 339.5MB 1780ms 57ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1779ms 9.0ms 51.9MB 1757ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 2364ms 7.9ms 840.5MB 1793ms 677ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 667.9MB 5287ms 113ms openjdk 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 832.8MB 5270ms 133ms openjdk 23
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 3268.7MB 3443ms 1920ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1b-m.java 182ms 16ms 51.0MB 290ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1b-m.java 184ms 23ms 49.7MB 300ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 189ms 0.7ms 81.7MB 263ms 30ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 190ms 1.4ms 87.0MB 263ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1a-m.java 190ms 0.9ms 50.8MB 293ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1a-m.java 192ms 1.9ms 52.4MB 297ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 198ms 1.9ms 112.3MB 303ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1a-m.java 205ms 5.5ms 98.8MB 313ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b-m.java 220ms 15ms 102.1MB 373ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1a.java 311ms 2.1ms 49.0MB 293ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1b.java 323ms 14ms 47.7MB 327ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 329ms 3.3ms 114.4MB 267ms 157ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 565ms 6.3ms 660.9MB 850ms 93ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 567ms 4.7ms 757.4MB 843ms 110ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 1585ms 8.4ms 1334.6MB 847ms 1037ms openjdk/zgc 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 387ms 9.9ms 680.6MB 443ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 401ms 5.9ms 544.3MB 500ms 87ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 403ms 2.1ms 680.0MB 480ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 444ms 62ms 669.4MB 667ms 113ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1021ms 2.8ms 934.5MB 470ms 697ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 1895ms 31ms 90.1MB 1967ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 155ms 0.4ms 207.1MB 213ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 164ms 3.1ms 158.5MB 237ms 43ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 170ms 10ms 206.6MB 237ms 47ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 221ms 7.1ms 253.9MB 363ms 63ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 267ms 13ms 25.5MB 270ms 13ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 411ms 7.8ms 341.9MB 223ms 267ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 354ms 5.0ms 3.6MB 343ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 442ms 1.0ms 45.1MB 480ms 17ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 0.3ms 49.2MB 487ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 444ms 3.9ms 48.3MB 480ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 454ms 0.5ms 81.1MB 490ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 563ms 6.0ms 44.7MB 483ms 133ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1235ms 3.8ms 571.4MB 1363ms 87ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1310ms 91ms 794.4MB 1433ms 93ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3270ms 60ms 2461.0MB 1670ms 1817ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 1.6ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 116ms 4.0ms 45.4MB 143ms 23ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 1.7ms 49.5MB 170ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 119ms 2.3ms 81.5MB 150ms 27ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 120ms 2.0ms 47.9MB 157ms 13ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 240ms 5.7ms 44.7MB 153ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 294ms 9.4ms 366.4MB 437ms 50ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 317ms 4.3ms 397.4MB 450ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 674ms 5.7ms 533.2MB 460ms 400ms openjdk/zgc 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 390ms 0.8ms 118.4MB 430ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 391ms 5.0ms 115.1MB 447ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 561ms 6.7ms 112.6MB 463ms 160ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1-m.java 626ms 57ms 271.3MB 907ms 73ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 779ms 2.8ms 57.2MB 837ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 783ms 1.4ms 60.2MB 830ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 853ms 0.8ms 53.3MB 780ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 1413ms 80ms 290.5MB 2513ms 117ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 152ms 2.2ms 64.8MB 200ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 154ms 3.8ms 68.1MB 203ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 212ms 3.8ms 133.8MB 293ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 262ms 8.9ms 50.3MB 310ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 263ms 4.7ms 49.3MB 330ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 278ms 4.5ms 61.5MB 197ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 368ms 3.9ms 47.5MB 307ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 483ms 1.9ms 140.6MB 857ms 63ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 3212ms 15ms 444.6MB 3627ms 110ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 3669ms 54ms 426.1MB 4610ms 110ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 3752ms 19ms 501.5MB 4603ms 120ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1.kt 3757ms 42ms 354.4MB 4560ms 113ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1758.6MB 4670ms 1183ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 3957ms 1507ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5110ms 133ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 896ms 13ms 444.3MB 1243ms 87ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 990ms 32ms 353.0MB 1737ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1001ms 28ms 353.6MB 1797ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 1015ms 31ms 423.3MB 1787ms 93ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 2003ms 34ms 1358.4MB 1703ms 1060ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3987ms 1517ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5117ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 407.7MB 5397ms 93ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 302.1MB 5333ms 53ms openjdk 21
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 304.8MB 5320ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 471.1MB 4957ms 303ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5407ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5060ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 782ms 10ms 175.4MB 1160ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 806ms 18ms 130.9MB 1183ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 814ms 8.2ms 132.4MB 1230ms 30ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 830ms 6.8ms 134.5MB 1273ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 3.java 963ms 9.6ms 133.9MB 1133ms 177ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3212ms 16ms 51.0MB 3280ms 80ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 1988ms 6.6ms 47.8MB 7613ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 1996ms 1.7ms 48.5MB 7643ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 2127ms 4.4ms 45.5MB 7673ms 153ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 2508ms 27ms 94.1MB 9400ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 602ms 2.3ms 47.5MB 2150ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 612ms 9.6ms 48.6MB 2137ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 737ms 8.8ms 45.3MB 2157ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 761ms 18ms 94.5MB 2673ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 253ms 12ms 47.6MB 770ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 255ms 4.3ms 48.5MB 763ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 328ms 5.5ms 93.3MB 1020ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2-m.java 381ms 12ms 45.7MB 770ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1827ms 163ms 237.7MB 6800ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2186ms 6.6ms 220.6MB 2997ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2305ms 190ms 264.5MB 8783ms 140ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 2419ms 254ms 243.1MB 9207ms 137ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2938ms 109ms 1226.1MB 9570ms 1070ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4215ms 20ms 21.1MB 14100ms 557ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.3MB 5513ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 247ms 1.2ms 21.4MB 833ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 402ms 30ms 17.5MB 410ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1-m.java 464ms 5.9ms 96.8MB 1527ms 67ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 473ms 16ms 121.6MB 1597ms 57ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 479ms 3.4ms 75.2MB 1080ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 654ms 16ms 213.4MB 1803ms 237ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 877ms 85ms 99.4MB 3073ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21