Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Java VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Tue Jul 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2.java 476ms 14ms 573.9MB 563ms 97ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 481ms 2.8ms 624.6MB 587ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 481ms 16ms 643.1MB 673ms 133ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 488ms 8.7ms 575.8MB 583ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2.java 1212ms 29ms 1064.1MB 593ms 787ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 3941ms 160ms 145.0MB 4120ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 2.9ms 159.3MB 143ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 2-m.java 127ms 4.0ms 96.1MB 163ms 30ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 127ms 1.6ms 167.1MB 160ms 33ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 148ms 3.7ms 215.1MB 223ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 210ms 3.5ms 17.7MB 217ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 2.java 301ms 3.4ms 241.5MB 157ms 200ms openjdk/zgc 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 608ms 7.4ms 347.0MB 1180ms 103ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 619ms 42ms 265.1MB 1663ms 80ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 654ms 49ms 239.7MB 1747ms 80ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 966ms 32ms 530.8MB 1573ms 430ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 312ms 26ms 225.9MB 610ms 73ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 328ms 2.2ms 177.9MB 887ms 60ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 350ms 0.5ms 111.7MB 953ms 50ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 535ms 28ms 215.2MB 1053ms 217ms openjdk/zgc 21

fannkuch-redux

Input: 11

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 895ms 14ms 96.4MB 3253ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 982ms 4.7ms 48.3MB 3650ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 990ms 3.1ms 50.3MB 3643ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1050ms 20ms 45.8MB 3407ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 174ms 5.6ms 48.2MB 483ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 195ms 4.0ms 50.6MB 510ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 204ms 11ms 95.9MB 560ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1-m.java 305ms 9.0ms 45.8MB 497ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 455ms 3.7ms 47.5MB 540ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 4-m.java 458ms 29ms 101.6MB 657ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 459ms 0.9ms 49.2MB 550ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 4.java 579ms 2.9ms 45.2MB 540ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 4.java 124ms 0.3ms 46.2MB 167ms 10ms openjdk 21
java 4-m.java 130ms 4.9ms 47.9MB 173ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 4-m.java 134ms 8.5ms 90.1MB 183ms 37ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 4.java 244ms 8.4ms 44.0MB 170ms 137ms openjdk/zgc 21

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 65ms 2.5ms 47.7MB 76ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 68ms 2.0ms 53.3MB 70ms 20ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 68ms 4.0ms 43.9MB 80ms 14ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 72ms 5.5ms 44.8MB 78ms 16ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 196ms 9.1ms 42.9MB 88ms 144ms openjdk/zgc 21

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 1081ms 28ms 129.1MB 3710ms 43ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 1087ms 27ms 155.1MB 3707ms 47ms openjdk 23
java 3-m.java 1130ms 18ms 179.6MB 3870ms 73ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 1435ms 53ms 178.4MB 4543ms 197ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 320ms 28ms 99.9MB 910ms 47ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 336ms 9.0ms 135.5MB 920ms 57ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 347ms 8.1ms 87.4MB 1017ms 40ms openjdk 23
java 3-m.java 448ms 10ms 98.2MB 920ms 170ms openjdk/zgc 21

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1b.java 1154ms 7.7ms 54.5MB 1260ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1b.java 1158ms 8.6ms 55.4MB 1263ms 17ms openjdk 23
java 1b.java 1190ms 17ms 109.7MB 1387ms 47ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1259ms 7.0ms 136.2MB 1380ms 50ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 1282ms 13ms 51.2MB 1270ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 1656ms 1.6ms 54.8MB 1757ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 1a.java 1660ms 3.6ms 56.3MB 1753ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1690ms 14ms 102.2MB 1800ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1709ms 9.7ms 202.6MB 1787ms 43ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 1718ms 5.4ms 321.5MB 1777ms 60ms openjdk 23
java 1a.java 1782ms 8.3ms 51.5MB 1760ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 2376ms 9.9ms 850.3MB 1817ms 667ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 672.1MB 5283ms 120ms openjdk 21
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 847.1MB 5267ms 137ms openjdk 23
java 2.java timeout 0.0ms 3283.8MB 3427ms 1940ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1b-m.java 180ms 4.0ms 50.8MB 270ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1b-m.java 182ms 15ms 49.7MB 283ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1a-m.java 192ms 2.2ms 50.8MB 293ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1a-m.java 198ms 3.9ms 52.1MB 303ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 199ms 1.7ms 81.7MB 277ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 199ms 7.0ms 87.3MB 283ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 200ms 1.5ms 111.5MB 313ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1a-m.java 216ms 7.4ms 98.7MB 323ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b-m.java 226ms 18ms 100.4MB 377ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1b.java 304ms 9.9ms 47.5MB 293ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1a.java 314ms 2.6ms 48.2MB 297ms 143ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1.java 329ms 3.7ms 114.4MB 257ms 163ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 550ms 6.6ms 665.0MB 837ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 585ms 8.5ms 787.7MB 880ms 107ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 1592ms 5.9ms 1310.6MB 857ms 1047ms openjdk/zgc 21

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 389ms 8.7ms 680.7MB 447ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 406ms 6.2ms 680.0MB 477ms 93ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 408ms 5.0ms 542.5MB 507ms 90ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 413ms 4.2ms 629.7MB 610ms 117ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 1046ms 24ms 955.8MB 473ms 713ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt 1857ms 13ms 89.9MB 1940ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 6.4ms 207.2MB 217ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 166ms 1.8ms 206.4MB 237ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 170ms 2.7ms 159.0MB 250ms 43ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 225ms 12ms 254.0MB 373ms 67ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 258ms 3.7ms 25.7MB 263ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1.java 419ms 13ms 341.6MB 220ms 280ms openjdk/zgc 21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 351ms 1.9ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 2.0ms 49.2MB 487ms 17ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 443ms 3.6ms 45.4MB 480ms 13ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 446ms 6.4ms 47.9MB 480ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 455ms 2.3ms 81.4MB 487ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 580ms 0.9ms 44.8MB 493ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 1243ms 4.5ms 648.2MB 1370ms 90ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 1261ms 7.3ms 751.2MB 1393ms 93ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 3304ms 20ms 2374.4MB 1653ms 1870ms openjdk/zgc 21

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 38ms 0.7ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 118ms 1.1ms 49.4MB 167ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 122ms 0.7ms 45.1MB 160ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 124ms 0.3ms 47.8MB 157ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 127ms 6.3ms 81.5MB 160ms 30ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 1.java 251ms 6.5ms 45.0MB 157ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 303ms 5.7ms 354.8MB 453ms 53ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 317ms 4.5ms 410.3MB 467ms 63ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 682ms 14ms 525.1MB 473ms 400ms openjdk/zgc 21

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 410ms 19ms 114.9MB 453ms 23ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 466ms 60ms 118.1MB 510ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 593ms 9.5ms 112.7MB 503ms 167ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 1-m.java 726ms 65ms 268.1MB 1057ms 93ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 783ms 3.1ms 57.6MB 843ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 785ms 1.4ms 60.4MB 833ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 2.java 848ms 8.5ms 53.3MB 773ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 1319ms 123ms 288.2MB 2240ms 110ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 151ms 3.7ms 68.5MB 197ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 159ms 0.5ms 64.7MB 210ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 214ms 11ms 125.0MB 307ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2.java 264ms 4.5ms 50.1MB 330ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 2.java 264ms 7.6ms 51.2MB 313ms 20ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 286ms 3.1ms 61.6MB 213ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2.java 369ms 1.9ms 47.8MB 310ms 140ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 479ms 3.7ms 198.6MB 820ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1.java 3266ms 35ms 444.3MB 3720ms 113ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1.kt 3717ms 19ms 358.9MB 4580ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1.java 3753ms 26ms 396.3MB 4607ms 117ms openjdk 23
java 1.java 3808ms 10ms 426.2MB 4643ms 110ms openjdk 21
java 1.java timeout 0.0ms 1782.6MB 4820ms 1117ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.9MB 3970ms 1520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 1-m.java 895ms 5.6ms 441.3MB 1260ms 83ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
kotlin 1-m.kt 983ms 36ms 353.7MB 1773ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 1022ms 25ms 462.8MB 1763ms 103ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 1026ms 28ms 420.5MB 1827ms 93ms openjdk 21
java 1.java 2017ms 38ms 1333.3MB 1737ms 1047ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 27.0MB 4003ms 1517ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.4MB 5110ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 406.7MB 5400ms 90ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 302.4MB 5317ms 63ms openjdk 21
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 305.0MB 5333ms 60ms openjdk 23
java 3.java timeout 0.0ms 468.5MB 4983ms 297ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.4MB 5410ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5063ms 120ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 3-m.java 792ms 3.5ms 175.2MB 1197ms 53ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 3-m.java 799ms 3.4ms 130.5MB 1200ms 40ms openjdk 21
java 3-m.java 837ms 36ms 130.7MB 1257ms 40ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 841ms 4.2ms 134.6MB 1283ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 3.java 981ms 34ms 133.4MB 1167ms 183ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3213ms 39ms 51.1MB 3283ms 77ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 1982ms 6.2ms 48.1MB 7593ms 27ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 2009ms 7.3ms 48.4MB 7680ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 2122ms 15ms 45.7MB 7580ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 2530ms 11ms 95.0MB 9480ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 606ms 2.2ms 47.4MB 2137ms 20ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 616ms 6.8ms 48.8MB 2170ms 27ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 737ms 15ms 45.4MB 2170ms 150ms openjdk/zgc 21
java 2-m.java 765ms 14ms 93.1MB 2683ms 40ms graal/jvm 17.0.8

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
java 2-m.java 254ms 8.5ms 47.8MB 757ms 17ms openjdk 21
java 2-m.java 255ms 3.4ms 48.9MB 757ms 23ms openjdk 23
java 2-m.java 318ms 15ms 93.3MB 973ms 43ms graal/jvm 17.0.8
java 2-m.java 390ms 8.2ms 45.4MB 777ms 147ms openjdk/zgc 21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 2049ms 224ms 241.0MB 7630ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2232ms 167ms 260.9MB 8430ms 130ms openjdk 21
kotlin 1.kt 2241ms 54ms 220.1MB 3060ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 2386ms 212ms 242.8MB 9050ms 157ms openjdk 23
java 1-m.java 2882ms 346ms 1222.6MB 9280ms 1113ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 4233ms 52ms 21.4MB 14190ms 543ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5510ms 20ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 248ms 6.0ms 21.0MB 830ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 388ms 5.4ms 17.4MB 397ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
java 1-m.java 471ms 22ms 143.1MB 1587ms 67ms openjdk 21
java 1-m.java 484ms 8.9ms 92.4MB 1607ms 60ms openjdk 23
kotlin 1-m.kt 485ms 16ms 75.0MB 1087ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
java 1-m.java 704ms 6.1ms 224.8MB 1930ms 260ms openjdk/zgc 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 854ms 53ms 101.2MB 2957ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21