Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

C# VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Fri Aug 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 500ms 16ms 578.4MB 597ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 940ms 5.4ms 167.7MB 933ms 127ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 952ms 25ms 200.7MB 960ms 150ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 1675ms 21ms 101.3MB 1873ms 200ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1.kt 3911ms 6.4ms 143.8MB 4087ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 115ms 10ms 38.9MB 80ms 27ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.1ms 159.5MB 143ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 143ms 2.1ms 42.1MB 120ms 13ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 198ms 7.5ms 50.1MB 157ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 203ms 6.2ms 17.3MB 210ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1822ms 185ms 234.2MB 6767ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1-m.cs 2078ms 121ms 50.7MB 7197ms 77ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 2180ms 5.5ms 221.2MB 3010ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1-m.cs 2932ms 111ms 73.9MB 9117ms 90ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 2-m.kt 4271ms 80ms 21.5MB 14227ms 520ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5510ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1-m.cs 157ms 8.6ms 20.3MB 457ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 2-m.kt 247ms 1.8ms 21.6MB 840ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1-m.cs 284ms 10.0ms 37.1MB 813ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.0ms 17.4MB 397ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 473ms 2.3ms 74.2MB 1100ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 861ms 25ms 96.7MB 3007ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 4085ms 1.5ms 18.4MB 4060ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 4945ms 9.9ms 37.9MB 4913ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.303

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 679ms 1.9ms 14.6MB 660ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 862ms 3.7ms 33.8MB 837ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.303

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 125ms 3.7ms 24.1MB 363ms 77ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 5-m.cs 196ms 8.4ms 37.5MB 470ms 123ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 5-m.cs 223ms 3.2ms 38.7MB 650ms 70ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 24ms 2.5ms 15.9MB 37ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 5-m.cs 61ms 2.6ms 37.1MB 87ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 5-m.cs 71ms 2.2ms 30.7MB 107ms 17ms mono 6.12.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.2ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 6.8ms 2.0ms 9.5MB 0ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 30ms 1.2ms 21.3MB 20ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 35ms 0.9ms 26.1MB 20ms 4ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 61ms 0.9ms 47.6MB 74ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-http2.cs 507ms 4.3ms 108.6MB 737ms 137ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 2-m.cs 556ms 2.9ms 139.7MB 730ms 453ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 2-http3.cs 660ms 21ms 143.2MB 1080ms 257ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1-m.cs 675ms 15ms 164.5MB 1080ms 620ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 2-m.kt 2407ms 2407ms 418.1MB 10360ms 1773ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 420.7MB 16243ms 2813ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-m.cs 340ms 2.4ms 87.1MB 377ms 180ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1-m.cs 380ms 6.8ms 97.4MB 513ms 207ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 2-http2.cs 437ms 3.7ms 86.0MB 497ms 87ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 2-http3.cs 496ms 12ms 94.0MB 583ms 113ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1-m.kt 2079ms 169ms 257.4MB 6020ms 580ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2107ms 35ms 231.9MB 5390ms 557ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 306ms 6.1ms 68.7MB 263ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1-m.kt 702ms 36ms 168.7MB 1873ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 719ms 6.8ms 143.7MB 750ms 77ms dotnet 9.0.303

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 1486ms 9.5ms 232.2MB 1623ms 100ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1-m.kt 1801ms 57ms 690.0MB 4283ms 153ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 2649ms 11ms 736.9MB 3200ms 423ms dotnet 9.0.303

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 453ms 13ms 45.8MB 1247ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 6-m.cs 739ms 38ms 67.3MB 2053ms 33ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 6-m.cs 1004ms 20ms 66.7MB 2900ms 23ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 94ms 2.4ms 36.8MB 153ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 6-m.cs 177ms 4.9ms 57.5MB 263ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 6-m.cs 196ms 3.7ms 60.3MB 377ms 20ms mono 6.12.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 96ms 0.5ms 9.8MB 87ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 147ms 3.0ms 24.9MB 133ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 2.kt 171ms 9.2ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 194ms 4.6ms 95.0MB 323ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 206ms 5.2ms 102.2MB 433ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 253ms 7.4ms 29.4MB 237ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 357ms 1.0ms 12.4MB 360ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 1034ms 8.1ms 13.1MB 1013ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 1344ms 54ms 32.6MB 1333ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 3299ms 27ms 43.6MB 3257ms 33ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 277ms 1.0ms 9.8MB 263ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 2-m.kt 315ms 6.1ms 212.8MB 547ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 338ms 2.0ms 202.9MB 467ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 357ms 2.3ms 21.1MB 343ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 399ms 2.0ms 29.4MB 387ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 2.kt 473ms 5.4ms 12.4MB 500ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1048ms 9.4ms 12.4MB 1077ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 3099ms 25ms 13.1MB 3083ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 3610ms 46ms 33.3MB 3593ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 45.6MB 4933ms 57ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 54ms 1.0ms 9.8MB 40ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 92ms 2.5ms 22.7MB 77ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 90ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 1.5ms 12.8MB 113ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 0.7ms 90.8MB 290ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 162ms 2.1ms 29.4MB 140ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 2-m.kt 171ms 14ms 96.5MB 377ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 1627ms 7.1ms 32.5MB 1617ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 1814ms 9.2ms 29.2MB 1800ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 1831ms 7.6ms 12.8MB 1813ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 4.cs 368ms 62ms 37.4MB 347ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 555ms 59ms 39.9MB 530ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 2032ms 7.1ms 36.4MB 2013ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 3.cs 2350ms 12ms 16.3MB 2337ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 3.cs 2444ms 2.0ms 36.8MB 2413ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 3888ms 10ms 16.2MB 3870ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 24.1MB 4983ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 4.cs 80ms 2.1ms 34.5MB 57ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 3.cs 108ms 2.0ms 13.3MB 100ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 117ms 3.8ms 37.1MB 93ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 139ms 6.8ms 33.8MB 120ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 3.cs 165ms 4.4ms 33.9MB 140ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 174ms 3.7ms 13.0MB 160ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 567ms 3.0ms 23.3MB 553ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.6ms 680.7MB 433ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 517ms 7.3ms 121.6MB 480ms 83ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 571ms 37ms 146.6MB 527ms 110ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 683ms 21ms 136.3MB 630ms 97ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 685ms 0.3ms 167.1MB 637ms 120ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 1259ms 19ms 140.4MB 1457ms 147ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1.kt 1880ms 15ms 89.9MB 1963ms 40ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 134ms 9.0ms 59.6MB 103ms 37ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 150ms 4.8ms 73.3MB 120ms 43ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 1-m.kt 154ms 0.3ms 207.3MB 210ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 259ms 1.2ms 73.3MB 223ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 259ms 7.4ms 69.4MB 230ms 37ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1.kt 268ms 4.1ms 25.6MB 273ms 13ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 272ms 2.0ms 89.9MB 233ms 60ms dotnet 9.0.303

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 352ms 2.5ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 9.cs 360ms 0.9ms 27.9MB 340ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 8.cs 370ms 0.9ms 9.9MB 357ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 8.cs 420ms 3.5ms 27.6MB 400ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 442ms 1.2ms 49.6MB 483ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 8.cs 1246ms 2.5ms 22.8MB 1230ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.6ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 8.cs 46ms 1.3ms 9.9MB 33ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 9.cs 93ms 5.0ms 27.8MB 73ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 8.cs 94ms 2.2ms 27.6MB 77ms 3ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1-m.kt 118ms 1.3ms 49.6MB 160ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 8.cs 162ms 3.6ms 22.9MB 150ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 304ms 2.9ms 78.8MB 283ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 335ms 11ms 96.1MB 310ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 395ms 5.1ms 35.8MB 370ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 425ms 3.3ms 17.5MB 410ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 535ms 4.1ms 84.0MB 517ms 7ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 1862ms 5.9ms 27.5MB 1843ms 3ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 66ms 2.7ms 24.9MB 50ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 98ms 1.4ms 42.5MB 80ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 108ms 1.0ms 11.8MB 97ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 2.cs 131ms 1.6ms 30.0MB 110ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 142ms 0.4ms 38.0MB 127ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 480ms 1.2ms 23.0MB 470ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 3202ms 2.9ms 14.0MB 3100ms 93ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 3585ms 20ms 38.1MB 3607ms 117ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 3669ms 28ms 353.1MB 4487ms 113ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 3973ms 1500ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 754ms 6.4ms 13.4MB 723ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 1-m.kt 957ms 5.5ms 357.3MB 1767ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 994ms 8.3ms 37.4MB 1083ms 40ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.8MB 3970ms 1513ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5120ms 117ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 1747ms 9.2ms 419.1MB 1657ms 137ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 5.cs 2076ms 40ms 441.7MB 2130ms 183ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 6.cs 2762ms 30ms 438.5MB 2710ms 177ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 5.cs 4211ms 5.4ms 419.7MB 4110ms 150ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5407ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5063ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 188ms 1.9ms 47.2MB 167ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 5.cs 306ms 7.6ms 73.4MB 267ms 33ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 6.cs 388ms 4.4ms 69.8MB 360ms 27ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 5.cs 434ms 2.0ms 48.8MB 410ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 1-m.kt 835ms 9.6ms 134.4MB 1263ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3210ms 31ms 51.1MB 3280ms 70ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 2836ms 4.2ms 13.1MB 2800ms 27ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 1.cs 2986ms 23ms 35.6MB 3047ms 47ms dotnet 9.0.303
kotlin 1.kt 3132ms 21ms 232.2MB 4037ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 716ms 3.8ms 13.0MB 693ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
kotlin 1-m.kt 981ms 52ms 231.2MB 1923ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 995ms 6.2ms 35.4MB 1087ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.303

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 1885ms 25ms 10.5MB 7280ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 3-m.cs 1919ms 3.3ms 30.1MB 7350ms 23ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 3-m.cs 4704ms 149ms 25.7MB 17910ms 13ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 479ms 1.1ms 10.4MB 1817ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 3-m.cs 534ms 3.5ms 30.0MB 1880ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 3-m.cs 1244ms 39ms 25.7MB 4693ms 10ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 128ms 0.6ms 10.6MB 453ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.303
csharp 3-m.cs 180ms 5.3ms 28.5MB 503ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.303
csharp 3-m.cs 347ms 1.9ms 25.4MB 1170ms 7ms mono 6.12.0