Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

C# VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Jun 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 507ms 12ms 574.5MB 603ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 901ms 14ms 197.1MB 893ms 147ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 1061ms 140ms 164.4MB 963ms 127ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 1725ms 105ms 103.6MB 1900ms 227ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1.kt 3832ms 23ms 145.7MB 4013ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 124ms 1.0ms 159.2MB 150ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 141ms 1.3ms 46.1MB 120ms 10ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 175ms 44ms 31.8MB 100ms 33ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 191ms 4.8ms 49.7MB 147ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt 208ms 3.8ms 17.6MB 217ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1735ms 114ms 233.9MB 6417ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1-m.cs 2161ms 100ms 50.8MB 7650ms 67ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt 2195ms 28ms 218.9MB 3027ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1-m.cs 2851ms 149ms 74.2MB 9103ms 90ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 2-m.kt 4274ms 24ms 21.4MB 14387ms 537ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5507ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1-m.cs 157ms 18ms 18.6MB 467ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
kotlin 2-m.kt 249ms 1.7ms 21.5MB 843ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1-m.cs 277ms 19ms 36.9MB 790ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.8ms 17.4MB 400ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 474ms 14ms 73.5MB 1073ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 923ms 20ms 101.3MB 3240ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 4081ms 3.3ms 18.6MB 4057ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 4963ms 16ms 37.8MB 4927ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.300

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 682ms 5.7ms 14.6MB 663ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 867ms 15ms 33.6MB 847ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 124ms 7.2ms 23.0MB 350ms 80ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 5-m.cs 190ms 9.8ms 39.9MB 463ms 120ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 5-m.cs 234ms 8.5ms 37.7MB 657ms 93ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 25ms 0.5ms 16.0MB 30ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 5-m.cs 63ms 2.5ms 37.0MB 83ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 5-m.cs 72ms 3.0ms 29.5MB 103ms 20ms mono 6.12.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 7.8ms 2.1ms 9.5MB 0ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 30ms 0.5ms 21.7MB 18ms 2ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 34ms 1.1ms 26.1MB 20ms 2ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt 62ms 0.6ms 47.7MB 74ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-http2.cs 509ms 9.9ms 108.4MB 723ms 147ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 2-m.cs 550ms 43ms 143.4MB 700ms 503ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 2-http3.cs 667ms 21ms 144.2MB 1100ms 257ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1-m.cs 692ms 15ms 168.0MB 1097ms 657ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 2-m.kt 4825ms 117ms 434.8MB 15097ms 2490ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 434.8MB 16347ms 2720ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-m.cs 338ms 1.2ms 87.2MB 370ms 180ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1-m.cs 379ms 10ms 97.4MB 530ms 210ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 2-http2.cs 427ms 9.5ms 86.0MB 483ms 87ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 2-http3.cs 488ms 3.2ms 93.6MB 577ms 110ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 2-m.kt 2078ms 157ms 233.3MB 5667ms 590ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 2112ms 39ms 272.7MB 5717ms 583ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 306ms 0.8ms 68.7MB 270ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 720ms 5.2ms 143.7MB 743ms 83ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1-m.kt 732ms 78ms 157.5MB 1977ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 1470ms 26ms 232.5MB 1603ms 87ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1-m.kt 1846ms 49ms 711.3MB 4333ms 173ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 2689ms 90ms 753.0MB 3190ms 447ms dotnet 9.0.300

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 481ms 13ms 47.1MB 1307ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 6-m.cs 714ms 22ms 68.3MB 1957ms 27ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 6-m.cs 1010ms 11ms 67.2MB 2927ms 23ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 97ms 6.0ms 35.6MB 167ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 6-m.cs 179ms 8.7ms 56.7MB 260ms 27ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 6-m.cs 193ms 3.0ms 60.0MB 377ms 20ms mono 6.12.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 94ms 4.1ms 9.9MB 83ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 150ms 2.5ms 23.2MB 133ms 3ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 2.kt 166ms 3.8ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 195ms 3.4ms 95.1MB 327ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 200ms 3.1ms 102.1MB 437ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 253ms 4.8ms 29.4MB 237ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt 355ms 2.4ms 12.4MB 353ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 1037ms 9.2ms 13.0MB 1020ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 1324ms 54ms 32.8MB 1313ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 3334ms 47ms 43.8MB 3287ms 37ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 263ms 4.6ms 9.8MB 250ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
kotlin 2-m.kt 317ms 3.3ms 213.3MB 553ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 340ms 3.7ms 203.0MB 463ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 362ms 2.4ms 23.2MB 350ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 403ms 4.6ms 29.3MB 387ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 2.kt 474ms 2.5ms 12.4MB 500ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1041ms 16ms 12.5MB 1067ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 3102ms 23ms 13.4MB 3080ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 3566ms 25ms 32.8MB 3547ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 49.8MB 4947ms 43ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 49ms 0.8ms 9.6MB 40ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 92ms 2.6ms 22.8MB 83ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 83ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 120ms 0.5ms 12.8MB 110ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 0.0ms 90.8MB 303ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 161ms 4.6ms 96.1MB 343ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 166ms 5.8ms 29.4MB 140ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 1611ms 4.6ms 32.6MB 1603ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 1815ms 5.9ms 12.9MB 1797ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 1829ms 5.2ms 28.9MB 1813ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 4.cs 332ms 0.7ms 37.3MB 310ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 541ms 67ms 39.9MB 520ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 2058ms 8.8ms 36.7MB 2030ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 3.cs 2348ms 2.6ms 16.4MB 2333ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 3.cs 2443ms 2.4ms 36.4MB 2420ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 3889ms 13ms 16.3MB 3873ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 24.1MB 4987ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 4.cs 82ms 8.1ms 34.5MB 60ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 3.cs 108ms 3.3ms 13.5MB 97ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 121ms 0.6ms 37.0MB 97ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 136ms 2.2ms 33.5MB 120ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 3.cs 169ms 5.5ms 33.9MB 143ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 175ms 1.1ms 11.9MB 167ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 564ms 3.2ms 23.9MB 550ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 384ms 3.9ms 680.1MB 450ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 525ms 14ms 120.6MB 483ms 83ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 577ms 8.1ms 144.9MB 530ms 113ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 666ms 14ms 136.1MB 620ms 100ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 749ms 4.3ms 166.8MB 690ms 137ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 1280ms 4.1ms 144.6MB 1447ms 180ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1.kt 1811ms 15ms 89.9MB 1887ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 127ms 4.7ms 57.1MB 100ms 30ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 154ms 5.1ms 74.8MB 123ms 50ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
kotlin 1-m.kt 158ms 4.9ms 207.2MB 210ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 255ms 3.0ms 25.3MB 260ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 2.cs 262ms 8.0ms 75.8MB 220ms 43ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 264ms 2.4ms 69.4MB 240ms 33ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 276ms 3.6ms 93.0MB 247ms 53ms dotnet 9.0.300

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 349ms 0.4ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 9.cs 360ms 3.8ms 27.9MB 340ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 8.cs 370ms 3.3ms 9.9MB 360ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 8.cs 419ms 1.1ms 27.6MB 400ms 3ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt 446ms 2.7ms 49.3MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 8.cs 1252ms 4.8ms 22.3MB 1237ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 38ms 0.7ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 8.cs 44ms 0.2ms 9.9MB 30ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 9.cs 93ms 3.0ms 27.6MB 73ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 8.cs 95ms 2.3ms 27.6MB 77ms 3ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 0.7ms 49.6MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 8.cs 161ms 0.7ms 22.4MB 147ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 297ms 3.2ms 78.8MB 273ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 345ms 12ms 96.5MB 317ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 392ms 2.8ms 17.7MB 380ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 399ms 7.5ms 35.3MB 377ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 538ms 2.7ms 84.2MB 517ms 10ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 1888ms 39ms 27.4MB 1873ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 64ms 1.2ms 24.9MB 50ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 101ms 1.4ms 11.9MB 90ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 108ms 2.1ms 42.5MB 83ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 2.cs 134ms 3.2ms 29.9MB 110ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 144ms 1.5ms 38.1MB 127ms 3ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 488ms 5.9ms 21.1MB 473ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 3220ms 6.8ms 14.1MB 3130ms 87ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 3568ms 50ms 38.1MB 3597ms 107ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt 3710ms 30ms 353.2MB 4553ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.7MB 3983ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5117ms 133ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 759ms 6.1ms 13.5MB 727ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
kotlin 1-m.kt 975ms 38ms 365.7MB 1740ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 985ms 4.4ms 37.8MB 1073ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3980ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5123ms 113ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 1779ms 43ms 420.0MB 1673ms 157ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 5.cs 2073ms 25ms 445.2MB 2110ms 180ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 6.cs 2734ms 47ms 438.7MB 2690ms 170ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 5.cs 4278ms 20ms 419.7MB 4187ms 143ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5413ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.9MB 5057ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 192ms 1.7ms 47.3MB 163ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 5.cs 287ms 4.2ms 71.5MB 253ms 33ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 6.cs 394ms 4.6ms 69.6MB 360ms 27ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 5.cs 439ms 3.9ms 48.4MB 413ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
kotlin 1-m.kt 834ms 5.0ms 134.5MB 1307ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3338ms 285ms 51.2MB 3400ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 2830ms 23ms 13.1MB 2797ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 1.cs 2943ms 2.6ms 35.1MB 3013ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.300
kotlin 1.kt 3058ms 62ms 231.8MB 4043ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 719ms 1.5ms 12.9MB 697ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
kotlin 1-m.kt 964ms 26ms 231.0MB 1823ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 997ms 9.0ms 35.1MB 1083ms 23ms dotnet 9.0.300

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 1881ms 41ms 10.4MB 7243ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 3-m.cs 1938ms 34ms 29.9MB 7323ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 3-m.cs 4838ms 168ms 25.5MB 18427ms 13ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 475ms 1.3ms 10.5MB 1813ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 3-m.cs 529ms 1.2ms 30.0MB 1873ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 3-m.cs 1200ms 10ms 26.7MB 4517ms 7ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 129ms 0.6ms 10.6MB 447ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.300
csharp 3-m.cs 179ms 3.3ms 28.4MB 497ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.300
csharp 3-m.cs 341ms 6.9ms 25.5MB 1153ms 7ms mono 6.12.0