Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

C# VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Tue Mar 25 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 482ms 0.5ms 578.0MB 560ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 987ms 29ms 207.3MB 987ms 150ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 1059ms 17ms 186.1MB 1060ms 143ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 1745ms 50ms 99.7MB 1947ms 213ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 3201ms 42ms 246.5MB 5153ms 850ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 107ms 0.7ms 160.3MB 117ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 132ms 9.0ms 34.1MB 97ms 30ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 151ms 3.1ms 44.1MB 127ms 10ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 202ms 3.4ms 50.0MB 160ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1-m.kt 283ms 2.6ms 30.5MB 453ms 67ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1971ms 329ms 240.9MB 7313ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2173ms 16ms 221.5MB 2997ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1-m.cs 2245ms 111ms 50.1MB 7953ms 83ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1-m.cs 2817ms 51ms 72.8MB 8863ms 100ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 12.7MB 5997ms 487ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt timeout 0.0ms 69.6MB 19047ms 153ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1-m.cs 169ms 13ms 18.8MB 480ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1-m.cs 272ms 7.4ms 37.8MB 760ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 2-m.kt 432ms 2.7ms 14.5MB 1600ms 20ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 468ms 13ms 76.2MB 1060ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 689ms 14ms 8.8MB 817ms 63ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2-m.kt 815ms 9.7ms 96.8MB 2827ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 4104ms 3.1ms 18.4MB 4080ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 4967ms 13ms 37.5MB 4937ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.202

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 682ms 1.1ms 14.5MB 663ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 869ms 16ms 34.0MB 843ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 129ms 4.7ms 26.3MB 357ms 83ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 5-m.cs 201ms 12ms 39.6MB 470ms 117ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 5-m.cs 235ms 14ms 38.1MB 660ms 93ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 25ms 1.9ms 16.5MB 33ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 5-m.cs 62ms 1.0ms 37.3MB 87ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 5-m.cs 72ms 0.5ms 31.5MB 103ms 27ms mono 6.12.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.4ms 2.6MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
csharp 1.cs 8.7ms 2.7ms 9.4MB 0ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 32ms 0.6ms 21.6MB 20ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 36ms 1.2ms 26.1MB 20ms 6ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1.kt 59ms 4.0ms 47.2MB 56ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-http2.cs 522ms 8.7ms 108.4MB 740ms 150ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 2-m.cs 593ms 47ms 139.9MB 757ms 527ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 2-http3.cs 681ms 9.8ms 143.6MB 1147ms 247ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1-m.cs 760ms 45ms 167.5MB 1197ms 743ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 2-m.kt 4877ms 110ms 433.3MB 14973ms 2650ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 400.8MB 16150ms 2810ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-m.cs 360ms 6.9ms 87.0MB 400ms 183ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1-m.cs 407ms 5.7ms 97.6MB 537ms 237ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 2-http2.cs 454ms 11ms 86.1MB 523ms 87ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 2-http3.cs 515ms 4.0ms 93.7MB 603ms 123ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1-m.kt 2051ms 215ms 216.8MB 5830ms 630ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2169ms 316ms 243.8MB 3967ms 420ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 308ms 3.9ms 69.0MB 277ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 811ms 82ms 143.7MB 847ms 90ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1-m.kt 860ms 106ms 201.0MB 2313ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 1626ms 110ms 235.0MB 1807ms 103ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1-m.kt 2344ms 51ms 740.7MB 5013ms 167ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 2704ms 68ms 728.7MB 3260ms 443ms dotnet 9.0.202

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 455ms 4.7ms 46.3MB 1203ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 6-m.cs 766ms 12ms 68.1MB 2110ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 6-m.cs 1021ms 12ms 68.9MB 2963ms 27ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 95ms 5.4ms 36.4MB 153ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 6-m.cs 180ms 2.8ms 57.0MB 273ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 6-m.cs 200ms 4.3ms 58.4MB 383ms 20ms mono 6.12.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 97ms 3.1ms 9.8MB 87ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 148ms 3.1ms 22.8MB 137ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 181ms 4.2ms 96.8MB 300ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 198ms 2.0ms 103.5MB 420ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 253ms 2.7ms 29.5MB 240ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 2.kt 310ms 2.1ms 5.9MB 433ms 20ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 518ms 11ms 5.8MB 620ms 3ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
csharp 1.cs 1059ms 4.4ms 13.3MB 1040ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 1330ms 8.7ms 32.6MB 1317ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 3392ms 39ms 47.5MB 3350ms 33ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 270ms 2.8ms 9.8MB 257ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
kotlin 2-m.kt 307ms 3.5ms 215.7MB 537ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 335ms 2.6ms 204.7MB 443ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 364ms 2.7ms 21.3MB 350ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 407ms 7.8ms 29.1MB 390ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 2.kt 927ms 16ms 7.1MB 1330ms 50ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1.kt 1539ms 8.4ms 5.8MB 1870ms 23ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
csharp 1.cs 3140ms 32ms 13.3MB 3113ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 3697ms 152ms 32.9MB 3680ms 23ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 45.6MB 4943ms 47ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 53ms 2.4ms 9.8MB 40ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 94ms 2.5ms 21.1MB 80ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 2.kt 142ms 1.4ms 3.6MB 200ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 1-m.kt 142ms 1.4ms 92.3MB 267ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 153ms 3.2ms 95.8MB 303ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 162ms 2.3ms 29.1MB 143ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1.kt 171ms 1.8ms 3.8MB 217ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
csharp 1.cs 1629ms 4.7ms 32.5MB 1620ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 1805ms 4.0ms 12.9MB 1787ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 1830ms 4.2ms 26.7MB 1813ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 4.cs 344ms 11ms 37.3MB 323ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 562ms 60ms 39.7MB 537ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 2042ms 11ms 36.6MB 2020ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 3.cs 2349ms 4.2ms 16.5MB 2330ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 3.cs 2458ms 0.7ms 36.4MB 2433ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 3869ms 62ms 16.4MB 3857ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 23.2MB 4990ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 4.cs 81ms 1.1ms 34.3MB 57ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 3.cs 110ms 3.4ms 13.6MB 97ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 118ms 6.1ms 36.9MB 93ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 143ms 4.8ms 33.4MB 120ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 3.cs 168ms 2.2ms 33.6MB 147ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 172ms 2.8ms 13.1MB 160ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 572ms 2.7ms 23.9MB 557ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 361ms 2.6ms 681.5MB 383ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 584ms 14ms 120.7MB 530ms 90ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 643ms 4.4ms 149.1MB 590ms 130ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 676ms 4.0ms 135.9MB 640ms 93ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 786ms 10ms 170.1MB 717ms 137ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 1310ms 9.0ms 139.7MB 1530ms 160ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1-m.kt 1532ms 6.5ms 134.6MB 2337ms 353ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 133ms 0.6ms 208.5MB 157ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 146ms 5.1ms 56.7MB 110ms 40ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 162ms 5.8ms 74.4MB 130ms 47ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 266ms 4.9ms 69.5MB 233ms 37ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 266ms 1.7ms 74.3MB 227ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 276ms 1.3ms 89.6MB 247ms 53ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1-m.kt 312ms 1.7ms 38.5MB 457ms 73ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 9.cs 364ms 3.9ms 27.8MB 340ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 8.cs 372ms 2.5ms 9.9MB 357ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
kotlin 1n.kt 404ms 1.3ms 2.5MB 393ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
csharp 8.cs 422ms 2.6ms 27.5MB 400ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1.kt 453ms 4.2ms 49.4MB 497ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 8.cs 1256ms 5.3ms 22.3MB 1240ms 3ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 44ms 0.5ms 2.5MB 37ms 0ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
csharp 8.cs 47ms 0.7ms 9.8MB 30ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 8.cs 96ms 1.3ms 27.5MB 80ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 9.cs 97ms 4.6ms 27.8MB 73ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1.kt 123ms 1.5ms 49.5MB 170ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 8.cs 165ms 1.2ms 20.8MB 150ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 350ms 3.6ms 78.7MB 327ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 399ms 20ms 96.2MB 373ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 401ms 3.8ms 35.7MB 380ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 425ms 3.0ms 17.4MB 413ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 564ms 2.7ms 83.9MB 543ms 10ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 1867ms 2.9ms 29.4MB 1850ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 69ms 1.7ms 24.8MB 50ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 107ms 5.9ms 42.4MB 87ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 112ms 3.0ms 11.8MB 97ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 2.cs 131ms 2.0ms 29.9MB 110ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 143ms 0.4ms 38.5MB 130ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 486ms 4.3ms 23.1MB 470ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 3274ms 18ms 13.9MB 3170ms 103ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 3581ms 55ms 38.1MB 3593ms 127ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1.kt 3765ms 63ms 355.2MB 4593ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.4MB 6277ms 300ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.3MB 4990ms 180ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 760ms 1.6ms 13.5MB 723ms 23ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 993ms 12ms 37.8MB 1093ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1-m.kt 1000ms 30ms 355.3MB 1780ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 5.4MB 6287ms 287ms kotlin/native 1.8.21
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 6.2MB 5010ms 157ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 1772ms 2.8ms 418.4MB 1670ms 153ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 5.cs 2097ms 27ms 445.0MB 2143ms 193ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 6.cs 2712ms 14ms 440.8MB 2663ms 170ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 5.cs 4384ms 78ms 419.4MB 4280ms 153ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 171.3MB 5430ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 277.0MB 5163ms 730ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 191ms 2.2ms 47.5MB 167ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 5.cs 299ms 1.6ms 72.7MB 270ms 33ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 6.cs 395ms 5.4ms 70.3MB 363ms 27ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 5.cs 445ms 2.1ms 47.0MB 420ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
kotlin 1-m.kt 821ms 21ms 137.7MB 1247ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3187ms 12ms 65.0MB 3933ms 17ms kotlin/native 1.8.21

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 2855ms 23ms 13.0MB 2817ms 27ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 2964ms 16ms 35.3MB 3037ms 40ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1.kt 3098ms 21ms 233.4MB 3973ms 77ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 723ms 0.6ms 13.1MB 700ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 1.cs 1007ms 8.8ms 35.4MB 1100ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.202
kotlin 1-m.kt 1009ms 48ms 235.5MB 1923ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 1878ms 31ms 10.4MB 7237ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 3-m.cs 2004ms 130ms 29.9MB 7250ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 3-m.cs 4769ms 182ms 27.6MB 18443ms 23ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 476ms 2.3ms 10.3MB 1813ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 3-m.cs 532ms 2.2ms 29.9MB 1877ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 3-m.cs 1261ms 106ms 27.4MB 4513ms 7ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 128ms 0.9ms 10.3MB 447ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.202
csharp 3-m.cs 178ms 0.4ms 28.5MB 500ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.202
csharp 3-m.cs 352ms 1.3ms 25.5MB 1173ms 10ms mono 6.12.0