Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

C# VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Jul 13 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 502ms 0.9ms 575.9MB 597ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 931ms 8.3ms 181.9MB 933ms 137ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 942ms 11ms 168.9MB 943ms 137ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 1685ms 22ms 103.4MB 1870ms 203ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1.kt 4076ms 141ms 134.1MB 4270ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 118ms 10ms 31.4MB 80ms 27ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.3ms 159.4MB 143ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 141ms 3.1ms 44.2MB 120ms 13ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 191ms 3.1ms 51.1MB 157ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 232ms 38ms 17.6MB 243ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 1827ms 163ms 237.7MB 6800ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1-m.cs 2157ms 73ms 50.4MB 7597ms 73ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 2186ms 6.6ms 220.6MB 2997ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1-m.cs 2634ms 184ms 72.5MB 8383ms 107ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 2-m.kt 4215ms 20ms 21.1MB 14100ms 557ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.3MB 5513ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1-m.cs 149ms 16ms 21.0MB 437ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
kotlin 2-m.kt 247ms 1.2ms 21.4MB 833ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1-m.cs 311ms 37ms 37.6MB 743ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 402ms 30ms 17.5MB 410ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 479ms 3.4ms 75.2MB 1080ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 877ms 85ms 99.4MB 3073ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 4089ms 6.5ms 18.6MB 4063ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 4970ms 3.7ms 37.8MB 4943ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.302

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 679ms 3.5ms 14.6MB 660ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 865ms 3.0ms 33.8MB 843ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 127ms 6.3ms 25.3MB 360ms 83ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 5-m.cs 191ms 3.3ms 37.6MB 470ms 120ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 5-m.cs 241ms 16ms 47.5MB 667ms 120ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 26ms 1.6ms 16.6MB 37ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 5-m.cs 62ms 1.9ms 37.9MB 90ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 5-m.cs 71ms 2.1ms 30.6MB 103ms 20ms mono 6.12.0

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 6.3ms 0.2ms 9.4MB 0ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 33ms 1.2ms 21.3MB 20ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 35ms 1.0ms 26.0MB 20ms 8ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 62ms 0.6ms 47.7MB 74ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-http2.cs 512ms 8.4ms 108.6MB 720ms 153ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 2-m.cs 563ms 14ms 141.1MB 723ms 483ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1-m.cs 671ms 17ms 162.4MB 1087ms 627ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 2-http3.cs 687ms 18ms 144.4MB 1133ms 267ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 2-m.kt 811ms 1405ms 357.9MB 10610ms 1887ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 369.3MB 16190ms 2853ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-m.cs 354ms 17ms 87.4MB 380ms 180ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1-m.cs 384ms 10ms 97.6MB 533ms 203ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 2-http2.cs 432ms 5.6ms 85.9MB 483ms 90ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 2-http3.cs 496ms 11ms 94.1MB 577ms 117ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1-m.kt 2031ms 194ms 211.9MB 5813ms 603ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2032ms 138ms 242.0MB 5440ms 617ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 305ms 4.2ms 68.9MB 270ms 33ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1-m.kt 732ms 78ms 173.7MB 1963ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 764ms 91ms 143.6MB 783ms 87ms dotnet 9.0.302

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 1499ms 16ms 231.2MB 1643ms 90ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1-m.kt 1722ms 19ms 650.0MB 4150ms 150ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 2700ms 122ms 776.1MB 3270ms 413ms dotnet 9.0.302

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 459ms 14ms 46.3MB 1217ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 6-m.cs 748ms 18ms 68.5MB 2110ms 23ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 6-m.cs 1011ms 2.7ms 66.6MB 2913ms 20ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 91ms 6.2ms 34.7MB 153ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 6-m.cs 178ms 6.7ms 57.0MB 263ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 6-m.cs 199ms 4.8ms 55.2MB 377ms 20ms mono 6.12.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 99ms 1.5ms 9.8MB 90ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 152ms 4.6ms 23.3MB 140ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 2.kt 166ms 1.3ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 192ms 1.4ms 95.1MB 327ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 201ms 1.3ms 101.4MB 460ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 247ms 1.0ms 29.3MB 230ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 355ms 2.2ms 12.5MB 360ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 1041ms 11ms 13.3MB 1020ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 1339ms 31ms 32.9MB 1333ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 3318ms 30ms 45.6MB 3273ms 33ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 276ms 2.6ms 9.8MB 263ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
kotlin 2-m.kt 315ms 3.2ms 213.2MB 557ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 344ms 7.7ms 202.9MB 473ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 359ms 6.7ms 22.7MB 347ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 398ms 1.0ms 29.5MB 387ms 3ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 2.kt 477ms 5.7ms 12.4MB 507ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1032ms 3.9ms 12.5MB 1060ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 3104ms 7.7ms 13.1MB 3077ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 3707ms 175ms 33.1MB 3690ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 41.7MB 4950ms 50ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 53ms 0.2ms 9.8MB 40ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 93ms 3.2ms 21.2MB 80ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.6ms 12.8MB 87ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 120ms 1.0ms 12.8MB 120ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 2.7ms 91.1MB 290ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 164ms 2.8ms 29.4MB 147ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 2-m.kt 167ms 13ms 96.2MB 343ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 1619ms 6.9ms 32.6MB 1613ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 1815ms 7.4ms 29.0MB 1800ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 1835ms 5.8ms 12.9MB 1817ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 4.cs 343ms 11ms 37.3MB 320ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 518ms 24ms 40.0MB 493ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 2040ms 17ms 36.7MB 2020ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 3.cs 2349ms 7.9ms 16.4MB 2337ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 3.cs 2461ms 15ms 36.8MB 2437ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 3976ms 72ms 16.4MB 3963ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 24.1MB 4983ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 4.cs 80ms 3.6ms 34.5MB 60ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 3.cs 106ms 0.9ms 13.5MB 93ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 125ms 2.8ms 37.3MB 97ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 139ms 3.5ms 33.8MB 120ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 3.cs 168ms 5.2ms 34.0MB 147ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 177ms 7.1ms 13.5MB 160ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 568ms 2.5ms 23.5MB 553ms 3ms mono 6.12.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 387ms 9.9ms 680.6MB 443ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 526ms 4.9ms 121.3MB 493ms 87ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 564ms 6.4ms 142.8MB 523ms 117ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 679ms 6.1ms 137.4MB 627ms 103ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 711ms 59ms 163.7MB 657ms 127ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 1278ms 6.5ms 140.5MB 1483ms 150ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1.kt 1895ms 31ms 90.1MB 1967ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 133ms 7.7ms 56.9MB 103ms 33ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 154ms 2.2ms 73.2MB 117ms 47ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
kotlin 1-m.kt 155ms 0.4ms 207.1MB 213ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 2.cs 257ms 2.2ms 76.0MB 230ms 33ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 265ms 3.1ms 69.4MB 233ms 40ms mono 6.12.0
kotlin 1.kt 267ms 13ms 25.5MB 270ms 13ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 1.cs 278ms 5.2ms 90.1MB 253ms 50ms dotnet 9.0.302

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 354ms 5.0ms 3.6MB 343ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 9.cs 368ms 4.8ms 27.9MB 340ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 8.cs 372ms 3.5ms 9.9MB 357ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 8.cs 419ms 3.4ms 27.9MB 403ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 0.3ms 49.2MB 487ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 8.cs 1250ms 3.2ms 22.1MB 1233ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 1.6ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
csharp 8.cs 46ms 1.1ms 9.9MB 40ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 9.cs 91ms 0.6ms 28.3MB 73ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 8.cs 97ms 3.8ms 27.6MB 80ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 1.7ms 49.5MB 170ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 8.cs 165ms 0.7ms 22.6MB 150ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 304ms 6.0ms 78.7MB 283ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 356ms 7.3ms 96.2MB 327ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 400ms 5.0ms 35.6MB 380ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 425ms 2.7ms 17.6MB 410ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 543ms 7.6ms 84.0MB 520ms 10ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 1857ms 2.8ms 27.5MB 1840ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 65ms 1.6ms 24.7MB 50ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 101ms 2.5ms 42.5MB 83ms 3ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 106ms 0.6ms 12.0MB 97ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 2.cs 131ms 4.7ms 29.9MB 110ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 143ms 1.4ms 38.2MB 130ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 480ms 0.7ms 21.1MB 463ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 3220ms 22ms 14.0MB 3130ms 93ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 3571ms 43ms 38.0MB 3593ms 117ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 3757ms 42ms 354.4MB 4560ms 113ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 3957ms 1507ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5110ms 133ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 753ms 1.0ms 13.3MB 720ms 27ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
kotlin 1-m.kt 990ms 32ms 353.0MB 1737ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
csharp 1.cs 993ms 5.8ms 37.9MB 1077ms 40ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3987ms 1517ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5117ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 1754ms 1.1ms 419.2MB 1653ms 147ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 5.cs 2081ms 35ms 442.1MB 2133ms 170ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 6.cs 2706ms 23ms 441.1MB 2663ms 163ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 5.cs 4207ms 9.5ms 419.7MB 4107ms 153ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5407ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5060ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 190ms 0.1ms 46.3MB 163ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 5.cs 287ms 5.4ms 71.4MB 260ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 6.cs 390ms 1.0ms 70.8MB 363ms 27ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 5.cs 436ms 2.7ms 47.0MB 410ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
kotlin 1-m.kt 830ms 6.8ms 134.5MB 1273ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3212ms 16ms 51.0MB 3280ms 80ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 2816ms 12ms 13.1MB 2773ms 30ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 2953ms 7.1ms 35.1MB 3037ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1.kt 3105ms 26ms 233.3MB 3997ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 718ms 4.0ms 13.0MB 700ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 1.cs 995ms 4.8ms 35.4MB 1080ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.302
kotlin 1-m.kt 1013ms 41ms 232.1MB 1923ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 1869ms 0.3ms 10.3MB 7317ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 3-m.cs 1921ms 2.8ms 30.3MB 7360ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 3-m.cs 4724ms 142ms 25.7MB 18023ms 13ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 494ms 15ms 10.5MB 1790ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 3-m.cs 536ms 5.0ms 30.0MB 1870ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 3-m.cs 1202ms 28ms 25.4MB 4503ms 10ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 128ms 0.7ms 10.3MB 450ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.302
csharp 3-m.cs 179ms 3.7ms 28.5MB 503ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.302
csharp 3-m.cs 352ms 12ms 25.4MB 1193ms 10ms mono 6.12.0