Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

C# VS Crystal benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Mon Jun 23 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 934ms 5.4ms 205.2MB 963ms 147ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 978ms 18ms 174.5MB 967ms 137ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 1282ms 30ms 64.2MB 1257ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 1709ms 47ms 103.2MB 1913ms 217ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 109ms 0.7ms 11.0MB 97ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 115ms 6.0ms 32.3MB 83ms 27ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 144ms 2.8ms 44.3MB 120ms 13ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 202ms 8.2ms 50.2MB 153ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.301

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1505ms 22ms 19.9MB 1440ms 53ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1-m.cs 2165ms 84ms 50.8MB 7643ms 73ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1-m.cs 2925ms 171ms 72.9MB 9227ms 107ms dotnet 9.0.301

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 85ms 1.6ms 7.1MB 63ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1-m.cs 167ms 15ms 17.9MB 497ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1-m.cs 277ms 1.2ms 36.9MB 770ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.301

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 58ms 1.4ms 6.4MB 43ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 4093ms 8.3ms 18.3MB 4067ms 10ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 4958ms 14ms 37.8MB 4930ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.301

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 23ms 1.5ms 5.3MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 678ms 1.8ms 14.6MB 660ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 871ms 10ms 33.9MB 847ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 130ms 8.6ms 26.5MB 370ms 90ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 5-m.cs 191ms 3.5ms 38.5MB 467ms 127ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 5-m.cs 230ms 6.7ms 48.8MB 660ms 90ms mono 6.12.0
crystal 2.cr 535ms 2.1ms 3.5MB 447ms 80ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 681ms 1.3ms 14.6MB 573ms 93ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 5-m.cs 25ms 0.6ms 15.4MB 37ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
crystal 2.cr 57ms 0.7ms 3.6MB 40ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 5-m.cs 65ms 6.7ms 37.0MB 87ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 5-m.cs 71ms 1.6ms 30.0MB 97ms 27ms mono 6.12.0
crystal 1.cr 73ms 0.9ms 4.9MB 57ms 3ms crystal 1.16.3

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1.9ms 0.2ms 2.9MB 0ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 7.3ms 1.8ms 8.3MB 0ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 32ms 0.6ms 21.3MB 20ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 35ms 1.3ms 26.1MB 20ms 4ms dotnet 9.0.301

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-http2.cs 524ms 8.1ms 109.0MB 743ms 137ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 2-m.cs 586ms 27ms 144.8MB 750ms 493ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 2-http3.cs 684ms 7.2ms 145.8MB 1103ms 267ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1-m.cs 746ms 32ms 168.5MB 1167ms 707ms dotnet 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 2297ms 153ms 300.0MB 313ms 450ms crystal 1.16.3

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2-m.cs 352ms 4.7ms 87.3MB 390ms 177ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1-m.cs 394ms 5.0ms 98.7MB 550ms 213ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 2-http2.cs 447ms 4.4ms 86.0MB 513ms 87ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 2-http3.cs 509ms 8.5ms 94.4MB 593ms 117ms dotnet 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 1282ms 15ms 53.0MB 33ms 70ms crystal 1.16.3

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 317ms 5.0ms 68.8MB 280ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 903ms 19ms 143.6MB 933ms 83ms dotnet 9.0.301

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 1577ms 59ms 230.4MB 1807ms 100ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 2700ms 57ms 736.3MB 3283ms 423ms dotnet 9.0.301

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 457ms 4.7ms 46.3MB 1220ms 20ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 6-m.cs 764ms 31ms 68.1MB 2080ms 33ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 6-m.cs 1009ms 11ms 64.3MB 2910ms 30ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6-m.cs 97ms 3.3ms 36.6MB 157ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 6-m.cs 186ms 2.2ms 57.8MB 283ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 6-m.cs 199ms 5.6ms 50.9MB 380ms 23ms mono 6.12.0

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 36ms 0.9ms 3.0MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 65ms 1.9ms 3.0MB 60ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 2.cs 99ms 0.9ms 9.9MB 87ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 150ms 3.3ms 21.1MB 137ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 256ms 3.5ms 29.1MB 240ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 1041ms 13ms 13.1MB 1027ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 1312ms 12ms 32.9MB 1300ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 3351ms 22ms 43.7MB 3303ms 37ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 101ms 2.3ms 3.0MB 93ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 186ms 0.8ms 3.0MB 180ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 2.cs 279ms 1.8ms 9.8MB 267ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 362ms 8.0ms 22.8MB 347ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 400ms 2.8ms 29.5MB 387ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 3081ms 17ms 13.3MB 3057ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 3721ms 174ms 32.6MB 3687ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 45.6MB 4943ms 47ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 0-unsafe.cr 19ms 1.1ms 3.0MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 30ms 0.6ms 3.0MB 20ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 2.cs 54ms 0.2ms 9.8MB 40ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 94ms 2.6ms 22.9MB 80ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 166ms 3.1ms 29.3MB 143ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 1617ms 4.4ms 32.5MB 1613ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 1819ms 13ms 28.6MB 1800ms 0ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 1.cs 1833ms 5.6ms 13.0MB 1817ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301

mandelbrot

Input: 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 316ms 2.7ms 9.3MB 303ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 4.cs 348ms 6.4ms 37.4MB 323ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 587ms 80ms 39.9MB 557ms 20ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 2042ms 8.0ms 36.5MB 2013ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 3.cs 2350ms 4.8ms 16.4MB 2337ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 3.cs 2483ms 55ms 36.5MB 2457ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 3995ms 103ms 16.5MB 3980ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs timeout 0.0ms 24.2MB 4987ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 17ms 0.6ms 6.1MB 10ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 4.cs 81ms 1.6ms 34.4MB 60ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 3.cs 107ms 1.4ms 13.5MB 93ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 115ms 4.6ms 36.9MB 93ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 142ms 1.0ms 33.6MB 123ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 176ms 5.4ms 13.5MB 160ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 3.cs 176ms 9.3ms 34.0MB 150ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 573ms 5.4ms 23.8MB 557ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 529ms 15ms 121.1MB 490ms 90ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 591ms 6.0ms 143.1MB 560ms 107ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 689ms 3.3ms 136.1MB 640ms 97ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 796ms 22ms 168.8MB 747ms 127ms dotnet 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 880ms 16ms 64.2MB 857ms 10ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 1276ms 14ms 140.6MB 1483ms 157ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 2.cs 129ms 4.6ms 57.3MB 103ms 30ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 161ms 5.6ms 74.5MB 120ms 53ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 173ms 3.0ms 22.2MB 157ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 265ms 3.3ms 69.4MB 240ms 30ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 272ms 4.1ms 75.6MB 230ms 47ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 287ms 3.4ms 89.4MB 250ms 63ms dotnet 9.0.301

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 342ms 1.3ms 3.3MB 330ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 344ms 2.9ms 3.3MB 333ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 9.cs 363ms 6.1ms 27.9MB 340ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 8.cs 371ms 2.5ms 9.9MB 360ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 8.cs 431ms 6.0ms 27.8MB 413ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 8.cs 1252ms 0.3ms 22.4MB 1240ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 2.cr 38ms 0.4ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 38ms 1.4ms 3.3MB 30ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 8.cs 44ms 0.0ms 9.9MB 30ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 8.cs 96ms 0.6ms 27.8MB 77ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 9.cs 111ms 17ms 27.9MB 87ms 7ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 8.cs 166ms 2.0ms 20.8MB 150ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 320ms 4.3ms 78.8MB 300ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
crystal 2.cr 350ms 2.1ms 8.3MB 340ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 365ms 4.2ms 96.4MB 340ms 13ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 401ms 4.4ms 35.8MB 373ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 426ms 3.0ms 17.4MB 413ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 432ms 2.5ms 42.9MB 420ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 556ms 2.5ms 81.9MB 533ms 10ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 1875ms 14ms 29.4MB 1860ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 64ms 1.3ms 24.7MB 50ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
crystal 2.cr 89ms 2.4ms 4.5MB 80ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
crystal 1.cr 92ms 3.7ms 13.2MB 83ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 106ms 3.2ms 42.6MB 83ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 109ms 1.6ms 11.9MB 93ms 0ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 2.cs 130ms 1.1ms 30.3MB 110ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 146ms 1.6ms 38.5MB 130ms 10ms mono 6.12.0
csharp 2.cs 495ms 15ms 23.5MB 483ms 0ms mono 6.12.0

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 1928ms 26ms 6.3MB 1897ms 17ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 3234ms 15ms 13.9MB 3143ms 90ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 3666ms 54ms 38.4MB 3690ms 117ms dotnet 9.0.301

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
crystal 1.cr 447ms 9.3ms 4.9MB 433ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 1.cs 753ms 6.8ms 13.4MB 720ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 1012ms 9.9ms 37.6MB 1103ms 37ms dotnet 9.0.301

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 1755ms 15ms 416.8MB 1657ms 150ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 5.cs 2076ms 16ms 442.5MB 2107ms 190ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 6.cs 2722ms 41ms 440.1MB 2663ms 180ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 5.cs 4214ms 16ms 420.0MB 4110ms 153ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 6.cs 191ms 2.0ms 47.1MB 167ms 13ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 5.cs 294ms 10ms 72.8MB 260ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 6.cs 398ms 3.2ms 70.3MB 357ms 30ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 5.cs 434ms 1.9ms 48.7MB 407ms 17ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 2846ms 4.7ms 13.0MB 2810ms 23ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 2974ms 38ms 35.4MB 3033ms 43ms dotnet 9.0.301

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 1.cs 739ms 49ms 13.0MB 723ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 1.cs 1000ms 3.1ms 35.5MB 1090ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.301

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 1888ms 32ms 10.5MB 7287ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 3-m.cs 1932ms 11ms 30.1MB 7360ms 17ms dotnet 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 3760ms 10ms 4.5MB 3747ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 3-m.cs 4684ms 65ms 27.0MB 17910ms 10ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 477ms 1.2ms 10.1MB 1823ms 7ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
csharp 3-m.cs 666ms 1.4ms 29.9MB 1670ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 949ms 7.6ms 4.4MB 940ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 3-m.cs 1209ms 1.7ms 25.9MB 4553ms 7ms mono 6.12.0

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
csharp 3-m.cs 129ms 0.6ms 10.8MB 450ms 3ms dotnet/aot 9.0.301
crystal 1.cr 241ms 5.4ms 3.8MB 233ms 0ms crystal 1.16.3
csharp 3-m.cs 251ms 7.7ms 29.0MB 460ms 10ms dotnet 9.0.301
csharp 3-m.cs 354ms 11ms 25.4MB 1197ms 3ms mono 6.12.0