Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Python VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Thu May 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 492ms 10ms 578.8MB 590ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1163ms 3.7ms 96.4MB 1093ms 57ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 3846ms 34ms 144.1MB 4020ms 77ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 41.0MB 4967ms 20ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 40.6MB 4747ms 240ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 94ms 1.4ms 68.9MB 67ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 121ms 3.2ms 163.1MB 143ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 204ms 3.4ms 17.6MB 210ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 477ms 5.2ms 11.9MB 453ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 735ms 1.9ms 12.9MB 720ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1189ms 5.0ms 104.1MB 1140ms 33ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2-m.kt 1966ms 64ms 237.9MB 7327ms 110ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2131ms 19ms 217.3MB 2937ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 2813ms 42ms 25.2MB 2797ms 7ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 4241ms 30ms 21.4MB 14193ms 557ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5507ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 17.3MB 4980ms 7ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 219ms 1.1ms 84.8MB 180ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 232ms 1.3ms 20.5MB 210ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 250ms 1.5ms 21.3MB 833ms 47ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 387ms 13ms 17.4MB 397ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 480ms 15ms 74.4MB 1100ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 689ms 14ms 16.8MB 670ms 3ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 2-m.kt 881ms 82ms 95.9MB 3080ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 254ms 1.8ms 83.3MB 213ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 358ms 0.5ms 12.7MB 343ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 2007ms 3.8ms 9.6MB 1993ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 101ms 2.1ms 63.4MB 77ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 110ms 2.3ms 11.6MB 97ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 347ms 0.6ms 8.8MB 340ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1844ms 2.1ms 88.9MB 1803ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
python 5-m.py 2282ms 26ms 65.6MB 3447ms 880ms pypy 3.10.16
python 5-m.py 2440ms 42ms 12.5MB 3553ms 983ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3029ms 17ms 8.1MB 3013ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 5-m.py 3360ms 25ms 13.8MB 4480ms 893ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 4658ms 29ms 8.9MB 4647ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 248ms 3.6ms 63.3MB 217ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
python 5-m.py 310ms 2.9ms 12.5MB 413ms 133ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 316ms 5.2ms 8.1MB 303ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 5-m.py 405ms 7.8ms 13.9MB 507ms 127ms cpython 3.13.3
python 5-m.py 437ms 3.3ms 65.4MB 743ms 283ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 475ms 3.8ms 8.8MB 463ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.2ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 12ms 0.6ms 7.6MB 0ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 14ms 1.0ms 8.6MB 10ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 29ms 1.3ms 51.6MB 10ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 61ms 0.9ms 47.6MB 78ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2132ms 35ms 26.6MB 1107ms 1593ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2410ms 406ms 27.5MB 1607ms 1620ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 4759ms 237ms 102.9MB 2890ms 1193ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2-m.kt 4772ms 83ms 444.0MB 14403ms 2467ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 404.3MB 15977ms 2973ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1092ms 9.4ms 21.3MB 240ms 280ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1202ms 176ms 22.9MB 323ms 280ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 1695ms 370ms 86.8MB 713ms 233ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 2042ms 296ms 229.7MB 6220ms 627ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2149ms 29ms 238.8MB 5513ms 630ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 196ms 2.9ms 38.7MB 163ms 20ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 216ms 6.3ms 38.7MB 193ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 298ms 2.7ms 88.8MB 257ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 779ms 88ms 173.9MB 2120ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1820ms 7.0ms 250.6MB 1650ms 157ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 1-m.kt 1881ms 40ms 702.6MB 4407ms 157ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1922ms 24ms 223.6MB 1833ms 73ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 1936ms 7.3ms 221.5MB 1827ms 97ms cpython 3.13.3

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 3-m.py 2338ms 1.4ms 136.4MB 7957ms 330ms pypy 3.10.16
python 3-m.py 3049ms 13ms 34.1MB 11583ms 117ms pyston 3.8.12
python 3.py timeout 0.0ms 35.9MB 90ms 20ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 3-m.py 378ms 4.0ms 75.7MB 953ms 153ms pypy 3.10.16
python 3-m.py 396ms 3.0ms 14.3MB 1300ms 67ms pyston 3.8.12
python 3-m.py 666ms 1.7ms 15.2MB 2340ms 70ms cpython 3.13.3

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 2.py 146ms 2.0ms 58.3MB 120ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 182ms 1.5ms 59.4MB 157ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 196ms 4.7ms 95.0MB 317ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2.kt 197ms 54ms 12.5MB 197ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2-m.kt 203ms 3.6ms 101.8MB 443ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 359ms 0.8ms 12.4MB 363ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 719ms 4.1ms 8.9MB 707ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 846ms 13ms 8.5MB 833ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1151ms 14ms 9.5MB 1137ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 1319ms 13ms 9.1MB 1307ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 316ms 6.8ms 213.9MB 543ms 50ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 338ms 2.2ms 59.3MB 313ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 342ms 5.5ms 202.7MB 460ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 385ms 11ms 60.3MB 360ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2.kt 485ms 11ms 12.4MB 523ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1055ms 17ms 12.5MB 1087ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2132ms 15ms 8.9MB 2120ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 2534ms 37ms 8.5MB 2523ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3411ms 66ms 9.5MB 3397ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 3945ms 23ms 9.1MB 3933ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 93ms 1.7ms 12.9MB 87ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 2.py 105ms 0.6ms 58.1MB 80ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 121ms 3.1ms 58.8MB 97ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.5ms 12.8MB 113ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 150ms 3.8ms 90.8MB 293ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 163ms 4.5ms 96.5MB 353ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 345ms 3.5ms 8.5MB 330ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 387ms 4.3ms 8.1MB 373ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 543ms 3.8ms 9.3MB 533ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 634ms 7.0ms 8.8MB 620ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 406ms 17ms 680.2MB 453ms 90ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 1821ms 13ms 89.8MB 1913ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2205ms 15ms 202.6MB 2087ms 107ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 93.9MB 4953ms 37ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 130.3MB 4937ms 50ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 159ms 7.9ms 207.3MB 207ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 259ms 1.7ms 24.9MB 263ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 374ms 1.8ms 105.3MB 317ms 40ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2897ms 36ms 37.3MB 2873ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 48.9MB 4940ms 50ms pyston 3.8.12

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 350ms 1.7ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 1.3ms 49.4MB 487ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 1359ms 3.9ms 58.1MB 1333ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2652ms 15ms 57.1MB 2627ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.8MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 8.9MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.3MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 8.1MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 0.9ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 0.7ms 49.7MB 167ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 180ms 3.6ms 57.9MB 153ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 303ms 3.1ms 57.2MB 280ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 926ms 7.5ms 8.3MB 910ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 1300ms 5.2ms 8.3MB 1293ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2952ms 2.0ms 8.9MB 2940ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 3262ms 188ms 8.9MB 3250ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2568ms 13ms 369.6MB 2497ms 60ms pypy 3.10.16
python 2.py 3071ms 131ms 633.0MB 2887ms 167ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 4763ms 47ms 320.4MB 4703ms 50ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 321.3MB 4960ms 20ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 633.7MB 4823ms 163ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 959.9MB 4720ms 267ms pypy 3.10.16

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 533ms 4.7ms 135.3MB 493ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
python 2.py 719ms 1.6ms 164.2MB 673ms 30ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1046ms 3.4ms 86.1MB 1020ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 1404ms 6.2ms 165.0MB 1367ms 27ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 1537ms 17ms 290.2MB 1447ms 77ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2673ms 5.0ms 86.9MB 2650ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 1915ms 12ms 8.9MB 1873ms 27ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 1986ms 7.7ms 9.4MB 1933ms 40ms cpython 3.13.3
python 4.py 2182ms 4.7ms 89.6MB 2143ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 3800ms 74ms 352.9MB 4630ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 4013ms 1483ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.8MB 5123ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 451ms 2.1ms 8.6MB 440ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 470ms 1.0ms 9.1MB 460ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 4.py 550ms 2.6ms 83.9MB 520ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 984ms 36ms 353.1MB 1740ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 4027ms 1493ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5110ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2242ms 6.5ms 243.1MB 2183ms 50ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 4755ms 17ms 226.2MB 4557ms 183ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5410ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5060ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 149.3MB 4917ms 67ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 326ms 0.8ms 86.5MB 287ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 500ms 7.3ms 30.3MB 470ms 20ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 603ms 7.0ms 30.0MB 573ms 13ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 1-m.kt 842ms 18ms 134.5MB 1290ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3207ms 14ms 51.3MB 3277ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3072ms 52ms 231.6MB 4040ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 3153ms 7.0ms 8.3MB 3143ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3535ms 16ms 74.4MB 3503ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 3806ms 27ms 8.8MB 3797ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 802ms 6.6ms 8.3MB 793ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 961ms 3.4ms 8.8MB 947ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 988ms 8.0ms 67.4MB 957ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 1010ms 43ms 231.7MB 1910ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.9MB 40ms 7ms cpython 3.13.3
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 95.8MB 763ms 77ms pypy 3.10.16
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.1MB 30ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.5MB 43ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 96.4MB 1267ms 177ms pypy 3.10.16
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 13.7MB 53ms 17ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8-m.py 1935ms 16ms 93.6MB 6317ms 250ms pypy 3.10.16
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.3MB 83ms 17ms cpython 3.13.3
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 13.1MB 137ms 30ms pyston 3.8.12