Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Python VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Jun 01 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 507ms 12ms 574.5MB 603ms 97ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1209ms 11ms 96.2MB 1140ms 50ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 3832ms 23ms 145.7MB 4013ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 40.9MB 4973ms 13ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 40.7MB 4747ms 240ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 97ms 3.0ms 68.8MB 70ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 124ms 1.0ms 159.2MB 150ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 208ms 3.8ms 17.6MB 217ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 478ms 6.6ms 11.9MB 453ms 13ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 737ms 8.4ms 12.8MB 723ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1242ms 23ms 105.6MB 1193ms 33ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2-m.kt 1735ms 114ms 233.9MB 6417ms 103ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2195ms 28ms 218.9MB 3027ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 2750ms 1.9ms 25.2MB 2727ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 4274ms 24ms 21.4MB 14387ms 537ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 5507ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 17.3MB 4983ms 7ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 225ms 3.8ms 84.6MB 183ms 30ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 234ms 2.3ms 20.5MB 210ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 2-m.kt 249ms 1.7ms 21.5MB 843ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 386ms 5.8ms 17.4MB 400ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 474ms 14ms 73.5MB 1073ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 668ms 16ms 16.8MB 647ms 7ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 2-m.kt 923ms 20ms 101.3MB 3240ms 73ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 251ms 2.2ms 83.2MB 213ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 358ms 2.4ms 12.7MB 347ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 2006ms 9.8ms 9.6MB 1993ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 100ms 0.5ms 63.4MB 73ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 139ms 54ms 12.4MB 100ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 349ms 2.4ms 8.8MB 330ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1886ms 8.1ms 88.9MB 1843ms 30ms pypy 3.10.16
python 5-m.py 2274ms 5.2ms 65.6MB 3513ms 847ms pypy 3.10.16
python 5-m.py 2449ms 16ms 12.4MB 3560ms 1017ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3024ms 34ms 8.1MB 3010ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 5-m.py 3346ms 15ms 13.8MB 4457ms 907ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 4648ms 12ms 8.9MB 4633ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 256ms 4.3ms 63.4MB 230ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 315ms 2.3ms 8.1MB 300ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 5-m.py 319ms 6.7ms 12.5MB 417ms 150ms pyston 3.8.12
python 5-m.py 398ms 1.9ms 13.9MB 473ms 137ms cpython 3.13.3
python 5-m.py 445ms 4.8ms 65.6MB 737ms 310ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 494ms 9.3ms 8.9MB 483ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.1MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 12ms 0.9ms 7.6MB 0ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 14ms 1.3ms 8.6MB 10ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 29ms 1.0ms 51.7MB 10ms 8ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 62ms 0.6ms 47.7MB 74ms 16ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2196ms 97ms 27.0MB 1093ms 1400ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2303ms 111ms 27.5MB 1587ms 1423ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 4543ms 1.6ms 101.8MB 2897ms 1107ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2-m.kt 4825ms 117ms 434.8MB 15097ms 2490ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 434.8MB 16347ms 2720ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1106ms 34ms 22.8MB 307ms 247ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 1170ms 149ms 21.3MB 237ms 247ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1580ms 287ms 86.0MB 717ms 220ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2-m.kt 2078ms 157ms 233.3MB 5667ms 590ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1-m.kt 2112ms 39ms 272.7MB 5717ms 583ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 201ms 2.9ms 38.2MB 170ms 20ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 217ms 3.3ms 38.6MB 193ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 303ms 4.4ms 88.7MB 267ms 27ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 732ms 78ms 157.5MB 1977ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1846ms 49ms 711.3MB 4333ms 173ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1846ms 14ms 220.5MB 1683ms 150ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1926ms 22ms 223.4MB 1847ms 67ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 1927ms 18ms 221.3MB 1823ms 87ms cpython 3.13.3

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 3-m.py 2576ms 18ms 136.5MB 8740ms 333ms pypy 3.10.16
python 3-m.py 3287ms 36ms 34.0MB 12567ms 110ms pyston 3.8.12
python 3.py timeout 0.0ms 35.3MB 97ms 13ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 3-m.py 399ms 1.9ms 75.8MB 1023ms 157ms pypy 3.10.16
python 3-m.py 410ms 3.4ms 14.2MB 1370ms 67ms pyston 3.8.12
python 3-m.py 663ms 5.8ms 15.2MB 2337ms 63ms cpython 3.13.3

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 2.py 149ms 4.3ms 58.4MB 120ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2.kt 166ms 3.8ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 181ms 4.1ms 59.4MB 157ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 195ms 3.4ms 95.1MB 327ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 200ms 3.1ms 102.1MB 437ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 355ms 2.4ms 12.4MB 353ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 720ms 3.1ms 8.9MB 707ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 844ms 8.9ms 8.5MB 830ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1166ms 4.3ms 9.5MB 1157ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 1359ms 24ms 9.1MB 1347ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 317ms 3.3ms 213.3MB 553ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 340ms 3.7ms 203.0MB 463ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 342ms 3.7ms 59.1MB 320ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 395ms 7.5ms 60.4MB 367ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 2.kt 474ms 2.5ms 12.4MB 500ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1041ms 16ms 12.5MB 1067ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2150ms 11ms 8.9MB 2140ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 2522ms 10ms 8.5MB 2513ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3503ms 80ms 9.5MB 3490ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 4083ms 116ms 9.1MB 4070ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.9ms 12.8MB 83ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 2.py 107ms 3.5ms 58.2MB 83ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 120ms 0.5ms 12.8MB 110ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 123ms 2.2ms 58.8MB 100ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 0.0ms 90.8MB 303ms 23ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 161ms 4.6ms 96.1MB 343ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 352ms 1.5ms 8.5MB 340ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 384ms 4.5ms 8.1MB 373ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 548ms 3.1ms 9.3MB 537ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 667ms 2.4ms 8.8MB 653ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 384ms 3.9ms 680.1MB 450ms 87ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 1811ms 15ms 89.9MB 1887ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2223ms 4.3ms 202.6MB 2110ms 100ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 94.0MB 4950ms 37ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 130.4MB 4933ms 53ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 158ms 4.9ms 207.2MB 210ms 43ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 255ms 3.0ms 25.3MB 260ms 10ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 380ms 0.7ms 104.8MB 320ms 43ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2901ms 23ms 37.3MB 2873ms 13ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 48.9MB 4943ms 43ms pyston 3.8.12

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 349ms 0.4ms 3.5MB 340ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 446ms 2.7ms 49.3MB 490ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 1361ms 8.4ms 60.3MB 1333ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2648ms 10ms 57.1MB 2623ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.9MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 8.9MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.3MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 8.1MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 38ms 0.7ms 3.5MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 0.7ms 49.6MB 163ms 20ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 180ms 3.2ms 58.1MB 153ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 303ms 4.6ms 57.1MB 280ms 10ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 943ms 20ms 8.3MB 933ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 1311ms 6.8ms 8.3MB 1300ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3029ms 49ms 8.9MB 3017ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 3194ms 81ms 8.9MB 3183ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2510ms 35ms 369.7MB 2443ms 53ms pypy 3.10.16
python 2.py 3001ms 11ms 632.9MB 2817ms 167ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 4815ms 106ms 320.4MB 4753ms 47ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 321.4MB 4960ms 23ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 633.8MB 4820ms 160ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 959.9MB 4717ms 273ms pypy 3.10.16

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 534ms 6.8ms 135.3MB 497ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
python 2.py 727ms 14ms 164.2MB 683ms 27ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1059ms 9.9ms 86.0MB 1033ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 1436ms 9.3ms 165.0MB 1393ms 27ms cpython 3.13.3
python 2.py 1518ms 1.3ms 290.1MB 1430ms 73ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 2777ms 67ms 87.0MB 2753ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 1909ms 6.7ms 9.0MB 1870ms 27ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 1984ms 4.8ms 9.4MB 1933ms 37ms cpython 3.13.3
python 4.py 2200ms 2.7ms 89.4MB 2163ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1.kt 3710ms 30ms 353.2MB 4553ms 117ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.7MB 3983ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5117ms 133ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 452ms 2.1ms 8.6MB 440ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 475ms 3.4ms 9.1MB 463ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 4.py 549ms 4.9ms 83.9MB 513ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
kotlin 1-m.kt 975ms 38ms 365.7MB 1740ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3980ms 1510ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5123ms 113ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2247ms 6.5ms 243.1MB 2183ms 50ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 4720ms 8.5ms 226.6MB 4537ms 167ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5413ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.9MB 5057ms 127ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 150.6MB 4930ms 53ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 335ms 3.2ms 85.4MB 297ms 23ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 496ms 2.1ms 30.3MB 457ms 27ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 613ms 9.2ms 29.9MB 583ms 17ms cpython 3.13.3
kotlin 1-m.kt 834ms 5.0ms 134.5MB 1307ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3338ms 285ms 51.2MB 3400ms 73ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3058ms 62ms 231.8MB 4043ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 3163ms 11ms 8.4MB 3150ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3521ms 3.2ms 74.6MB 3487ms 20ms pypy 3.10.16
python 1.py 3837ms 22ms 8.8MB 3827ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 804ms 7.4ms 8.3MB 793ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 1-m.kt 964ms 26ms 231.0MB 1823ms 60ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 970ms 5.5ms 8.9MB 960ms 0ms cpython 3.13.3
python 1.py 988ms 1.4ms 67.4MB 960ms 13ms pypy 3.10.16

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.8MB 40ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 95.2MB 787ms 80ms pypy 3.10.16
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.2MB 37ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.6MB 50ms 10ms cpython 3.13.3
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 96.8MB 1343ms 173ms pypy 3.10.16
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 13.6MB 53ms 23ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8-m.py 1961ms 11ms 93.0MB 6377ms 250ms pypy 3.10.16
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.3MB 90ms 17ms cpython 3.13.3
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 13.2MB 153ms 37ms pyston 3.8.12