Programming Language and compiler
Benchmarks

Python VS Kotlin benchmarks

Current benchmark data was generated on Sun Jul 13 2025, full log can be found HERE

CONTRIBUTIONS are WELCOME!

[x86_64][4 cores] AMD EPYC 7763 64-Core Processor (Model 1)

* -m in a file name stands for multi-threading or multi-processing

* -i in a file name stands for direct intrinsics usage. (Usage of simd intrinsics via libraries is not counted)

* -ffi in a file name stands for non-stdlib FFI usage

* (You may find time < time(user) + time(sys) for some non-parallelized programs, the overhead is from GC or JIT compiler, which are allowed to take advantage of multi-cores as that's more close to real-world scenarios.)

binarytrees

Input: 18

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 502ms 0.9ms 575.9MB 597ms 100ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1162ms 7.5ms 96.8MB 1097ms 47ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1.kt 4076ms 141ms 134.1MB 4270ms 63ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 41.0MB 4973ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 40.5MB 4743ms 240ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 94ms 1.5ms 68.2MB 67ms 13ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1.kt 122ms 1.3ms 159.4MB 143ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 232ms 38ms 17.6MB 243ms 3ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 478ms 3.6ms 11.9MB 457ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 727ms 3.3ms 12.9MB 717ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

coro-prime-sieve

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1241ms 47ms 104.7MB 1190ms 33ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 2-m.kt 1827ms 163ms 237.7MB 6800ms 107ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 2186ms 6.6ms 220.6MB 2997ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 2671ms 7.4ms 25.4MB 2650ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
kotlin 2-m.kt 4215ms 20ms 21.1MB 14100ms 557ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 17.3MB 5513ms 27ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 17.4MB 4980ms 7ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 1000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 223ms 2.2ms 85.2MB 187ms 23ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 228ms 1.3ms 20.6MB 203ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
kotlin 2-m.kt 247ms 1.2ms 21.4MB 833ms 37ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 402ms 30ms 17.5MB 410ms 7ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 479ms 3.4ms 75.2MB 1080ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 660ms 16ms 16.8MB 643ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 2-m.kt 877ms 85ms 99.4MB 3073ms 70ms kotlin/jvm 21

edigits

Input: 250001

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 266ms 3.3ms 84.9MB 227ms 20ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 362ms 3.7ms 12.6MB 347ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 2007ms 3.9ms 9.6MB 1993ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 100000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 113ms 2.9ms 65.3MB 87ms 13ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 134ms 46ms 12.3MB 100ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 349ms 2.6ms 8.8MB 340ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

fasta

Input: 2500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2206ms 28ms 89.1MB 2163ms 33ms pypy 3.11.13
python 5-m.py 2331ms 44ms 66.1MB 3597ms 827ms pypy 3.11.13
python 5-m.py 2434ms 24ms 12.5MB 3547ms 953ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3030ms 35ms 8.1MB 3013ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 5-m.py 3359ms 19ms 13.8MB 4437ms 910ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 4658ms 45ms 9.0MB 4647ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 250000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 279ms 5.1ms 63.3MB 253ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
python 5-m.py 310ms 3.6ms 12.5MB 397ms 147ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 314ms 1.1ms 8.1MB 300ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 5-m.py 393ms 1.0ms 13.8MB 473ms 127ms cpython 3.13.5
python 5-m.py 449ms 2.7ms 66.2MB 743ms 297ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 486ms 1.2ms 9.0MB 473ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

helloworld

Input: QwQ

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 2.2ms 0.1ms 3.0MB 0ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 12ms 0.8ms 7.6MB 0ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 14ms 1.2ms 8.8MB 10ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 30ms 0.8ms 52.3MB 10ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1.kt 62ms 0.6ms 47.7MB 74ms 18ms kotlin/jvm 21

http-server

Input: 3000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 811ms 1405ms 357.9MB 10610ms 1887ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 2132ms 36ms 26.6MB 1080ms 1440ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2538ms 364ms 27.6MB 1573ms 1443ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 4714ms 375ms 102.2MB 3087ms 1100ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 369.3MB 16190ms 2853ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 1088ms 2.8ms 21.3MB 237ms 253ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1193ms 73ms 22.9MB 313ms 247ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 1730ms 340ms 87.1MB 750ms 210ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1-m.kt 2031ms 194ms 211.9MB 5813ms 603ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 2032ms 138ms 242.0MB 5440ms 617ms kotlin/jvm 21

json-serde

Input: sample 5000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 201ms 0.9ms 38.1MB 167ms 23ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 217ms 2.1ms 38.7MB 193ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 451ms 4.1ms 109.3MB 403ms 37ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1-m.kt 732ms 78ms 173.7MB 1963ms 80ms kotlin/jvm 21

Input: canada 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 1722ms 19ms 650.0MB 4150ms 150ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 1831ms 9.9ms 220.5MB 1663ms 157ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1931ms 9.0ms 222.0MB 1827ms 90ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 3242ms 13ms 365.1MB 3083ms 140ms pypy 3.11.13

knucleotide

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 3-m.py 2341ms 4.1ms 136.0MB 7903ms 333ms pypy 3.11.13
python 3-m.py 3129ms 44ms 34.2MB 11863ms 123ms pyston 3.8.12
python 3.py timeout 0.0ms 35.8MB 90ms 20ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 3-m.py 390ms 0.6ms 76.7MB 980ms 150ms pypy 3.11.13
python 3-m.py 395ms 4.5ms 14.3MB 1297ms 80ms pyston 3.8.12
python 3-m.py 660ms 11ms 15.2MB 2320ms 67ms cpython 3.13.5

lru

Input: 1000 1000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 2.py 154ms 2.4ms 58.9MB 130ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 2.kt 166ms 1.3ms 12.4MB 170ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 187ms 3.8ms 59.8MB 160ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1-m.kt 192ms 1.4ms 95.1MB 327ms 27ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 201ms 1.3ms 101.4MB 460ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 355ms 2.2ms 12.5MB 360ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 730ms 3.4ms 8.9MB 720ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 845ms 19ms 8.5MB 833ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1136ms 8.0ms 9.5MB 1123ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py 1323ms 19ms 9.3MB 1310ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 1000 3000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2-m.kt 315ms 3.2ms 213.2MB 557ms 47ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 344ms 7.7ms 202.9MB 473ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 361ms 2.1ms 59.7MB 330ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 401ms 4.8ms 60.9MB 377ms 13ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 2.kt 477ms 5.7ms 12.4MB 507ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 1032ms 3.9ms 12.5MB 1060ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2157ms 16ms 8.9MB 2143ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 2513ms 23ms 8.5MB 2503ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3335ms 53ms 9.5MB 3320ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py 3942ms 29ms 9.3MB 3930ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 100 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 2.kt 94ms 0.6ms 12.8MB 87ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 2.py 109ms 3.1ms 58.1MB 87ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1.kt 120ms 1.0ms 12.8MB 120ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 124ms 3.2ms 59.4MB 103ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1-m.kt 153ms 2.7ms 91.1MB 290ms 30ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 2-m.kt 167ms 13ms 96.2MB 343ms 33ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 361ms 6.0ms 8.5MB 347ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 388ms 3.0ms 8.1MB 377ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 534ms 6.3ms 9.3MB 523ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py 638ms 7.1ms 8.9MB 627ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

merkletrees

Input: 17

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 387ms 9.9ms 680.6MB 443ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 1895ms 31ms 90.1MB 1967ms 43ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 2184ms 9.5ms 204.9MB 2073ms 97ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 94.1MB 4960ms 27ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 130.4MB 4940ms 47ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 15

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1-m.kt 155ms 0.4ms 207.1MB 213ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1.kt 267ms 13ms 25.5MB 270ms 13ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py 378ms 3.7ms 105.2MB 320ms 47ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 2994ms 19ms 37.4MB 2970ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 48.9MB 4943ms 43ms pyston 3.8.12

nbody

Input: 5000000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 354ms 5.0ms 3.6MB 343ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1.kt 443ms 0.3ms 49.2MB 487ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 1348ms 4.2ms 60.6MB 1320ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 2705ms 69ms 57.8MB 2677ms 13ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.9MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 9.0MB 4990ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 8.3MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 8.1MB 4990ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 500000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1n.kt 39ms 1.6ms 3.6MB 30ms 0ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 1-m.kt 119ms 1.7ms 49.5MB 170ms 13ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 2.py 178ms 3.3ms 58.3MB 153ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 309ms 4.0ms 57.8MB 287ms 10ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 936ms 11ms 8.3MB 927ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 1312ms 18ms 8.3MB 1300ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 2893ms 26ms 8.9MB 2883ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py 3043ms 14ms 9.0MB 3030ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

nsieve

Input: 12

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2498ms 18ms 369.9MB 2430ms 53ms pypy 3.11.13
python 2.py 2971ms 13ms 632.9MB 2787ms 167ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 4747ms 19ms 320.5MB 4687ms 47ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 321.4MB 4960ms 23ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 633.8MB 4823ms 163ms cpython 3.13.5
python 2.py timeout 0.0ms 1017.5MB 4707ms 280ms pypy 3.11.13

Input: 10

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 525ms 4.9ms 135.5MB 487ms 20ms pypy 3.11.13
python 2.py 721ms 2.3ms 164.2MB 670ms 33ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 1066ms 26ms 86.0MB 1043ms 10ms pyston 3.8.12
python 2.py 1385ms 12ms 290.8MB 1297ms 73ms pypy 3.11.13
python 2.py 1398ms 5.5ms 165.1MB 1353ms 30ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 2846ms 21ms 87.0MB 2817ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5

pidigits

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 1921ms 13ms 8.9MB 1873ms 33ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 1974ms 0.7ms 9.5MB 1920ms 40ms cpython 3.13.5
python 4.py 2156ms 3.3ms 89.6MB 2117ms 27ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1.kt 3757ms 42ms 354.4MB 4560ms 113ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.6MB 3957ms 1507ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.6MB 5110ms 133ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 4.py 454ms 1.7ms 8.6MB 440ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 4.py 470ms 3.8ms 9.4MB 457ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 4.py 541ms 4.5ms 83.8MB 503ms 23ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1-m.kt 990ms 32ms 353.0MB 1737ms 93ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 26.3MB 3987ms 1517ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
kotlin 2n.kt timeout 0.0ms 30.9MB 5117ms 123ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

regex-redux

Input: 2500000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 2245ms 6.4ms 244.7MB 2187ms 43ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 4731ms 10ms 226.2MB 4540ms 177ms pyston 3.8.12
kotlin 1.kt timeout 0.0ms 173.5MB 5407ms 40ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt timeout 0.0ms 226.8MB 5060ms 130ms kotlin/native 2.1.20
python 1.py timeout 0.0ms 145.6MB 4930ms 57ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 250000_in

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 339ms 7.7ms 86.8MB 293ms 30ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 498ms 2.4ms 30.5MB 463ms 17ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 613ms 2.2ms 29.7MB 583ms 17ms cpython 3.13.5
kotlin 1-m.kt 830ms 6.8ms 134.5MB 1273ms 37ms kotlin/jvm 21
kotlin 1n.kt 3212ms 16ms 51.0MB 3280ms 80ms kotlin/native 2.1.20

secp256k1

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
kotlin 1.kt 3105ms 26ms 233.3MB 3997ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21
python 1.py 3177ms 13ms 8.3MB 3163ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 3587ms 25ms 75.4MB 3547ms 27ms pypy 3.11.13
python 1.py 3805ms 16ms 8.9MB 3790ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5

Input: 500

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 1.py 802ms 4.0ms 8.3MB 793ms 0ms pyston 3.8.12
python 1.py 961ms 8.5ms 8.9MB 950ms 0ms cpython 3.13.5
python 1.py 996ms 3.5ms 68.6MB 963ms 17ms pypy 3.11.13
kotlin 1-m.kt 1013ms 41ms 232.1MB 1923ms 67ms kotlin/jvm 21

spectral-norm

Input: 8000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.8MB 33ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 94.7MB 680ms 60ms pypy 3.11.13
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.2MB 33ms 13ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 4000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.5MB 43ms 10ms cpython 3.13.5
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 97.8MB 1170ms 147ms pypy 3.11.13
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 13.6MB 57ms 20ms pyston 3.8.12

Input: 2000

lang code time stddev peak-mem mem time(user) time(sys) compiler compiler/runtime
python 8-m.py 2134ms 4.9ms 94.1MB 7090ms 240ms pypy 3.11.13
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 14.0MB 87ms 17ms cpython 3.13.5
python 8.py timeout 0.0ms 13.2MB 133ms 33ms pyston 3.8.12